fix(main): SFTP data integrity, session lifecycle, security hardening

- upload: per-chunk buffer (ssh2 re-reads the overflow tail after the ACK;
  a reused buffer silently corrupted every file >= ~254KB)
- close the cached SFTP channel on eviction, attach an 'error' handler,
  close the download handle, time out execQuiet, fail partial deletes
- per-session StringDecoder for the ssh data plane (CJK mojibake), real
  exit codes, safe replay truncation, zmodem abort/counter/timer fixes
- sysinfo: idempotent poll end, error routing, per-poll watchdog, proc(5)
  CPU total; expand cd ~/$HOME/%USERPROFILE% paths; log sanitizer fixes
- security: will-navigate guard, central IPC sender check, scheme
  allowlist for openExternal, single-instance else branch, layout id and
  log-name whitelists, custom theme sanitizing, atomic JSON writes with
  EPERM retry in store.writeJson
- updater: per-attempt feed choice, quitAndInstall relaunch, dev guard,
  update-state getter

src/main/commands.ts

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import type { CommandItem, SessionLogMeta } from '../shared/commands'
 import { DEFAULT_SETTINGS } from '../shared/settings'
 import { loadSettings } from './settingsStore'
 import { LogSanitizer } from './logSanitizer'
+import { writeJson } from './store'
 
 /** Upper bound on recorded history entries when no limit is configured. */
 const HISTORY_CAP = 500
@@ -113,8 +114,7 @@ export class CommandsStore {
   }
 
   private saveCommands(data: CommandsFile): void {
-    mkdirSync(join(this.file, '..'), { recursive: true })
-    writeFileSync(this.file, JSON.stringify(data, null, 2), 'utf8')
+    writeJson(this.file, data)
   }
 
   /**
@@ -132,7 +132,9 @@ export class CommandsStore {
    * existing history is left untouched rather than cleared.
    */
   recordCommand(cmd: string): void {
-    const trimmed = cmd.trim()
+    // The line arrives from the renderer's line buffer, which can still hold
+    // editing bytes (Ctrl+U, a stray ESC): only the printable text is a command.
+    const trimmed = cmd.replace(/[\x00-\x1f\x7f]/g, '').trim()
     if (!trimmed) return
     const { historyEnabled, historyLimit } = loadHistoryPrefs()
     if (!historyEnabled) return
@@ -246,11 +248,10 @@ export class CommandsStore {
   /** Write the full log index so listSessionLogs survives restart. */
   private persistIndex(): void {
     try {
-      mkdirSync(this.logsDir, { recursive: true })
       const all = Array.from(this.metasByFile.values()).sort(
         (a, b) => b.startedAt - a.startedAt
       )
-      writeFileSync(this.indexFile, JSON.stringify(all, null, 2), 'utf8')
+      writeJson(this.indexFile, all)
     } catch {
       // best effort: never break the session over an index write failure
     }
@@ -269,7 +270,10 @@ export class CommandsStore {
     if (prev) this.finishLog(prev)
 
     mkdirSync(this.logsDir, { recursive: true })
-    const fileName = `${stamp()}-${sessionId.slice(0, 8)}.log`
+    // The id comes from the renderer and lands in a file name: keep only the
+    // characters a session id is made of so it can never reach outside logsDir.
+    const safeId = sessionId.replace(/[^A-Za-z0-9_-]/g, '').slice(0, 8) || 'session'
+    const fileName = `${stamp()}-${safeId}.log`
     const file = join(this.logsDir, fileName)
     // Create the file eagerly so the first async append cannot race a missing fd.
     describeFile(file)

src/main/connectionsStore.ts

@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 
 import { safeStorage } from 'electron'
 import { randomUUID } from 'crypto'
-import { mkdirSync, readFileSync, writeFileSync } from 'fs'
-import { dirname } from 'path'
+import { readFileSync } from 'fs'
 import type { SshAuthMethod, SshConnection, SshConnectionInput } from '../shared/connections'
+import { writeJson } from './store'
 
 const ENC_SUFFIX = '_enc'
 const PLAIN_PREFIX = 'plain:'
@@ -128,8 +128,7 @@ export class ConnectionsStore {
   }
 
   private save(list: StoredConnection[]): void {
-    mkdirSync(dirname(this.filePath), { recursive: true })
-    writeFileSync(this.filePath, JSON.stringify(list, null, 2), 'utf8')
+    writeJson(this.filePath, list)
   }
 
   listConnections(): SshConnection[] {

src/main/cwd.ts

@@ -37,6 +37,10 @@ export function resolveCwd(current: string | undefined, rawArg: string): string
   }
   // `cd -` means the shell's previous directory, which we cannot know here.
   if (arg === '-') return null
+  // `cd ~/src`, `cd $HOME/x`, `cd %USERPROFILE%\x`: expand the home prefix
+  // before the absolute/relative decision below.
+  const homePrefix = arg.match(/^(?:~|\$HOME)(?=[/\\])/) ?? arg.match(/^%USERPROFILE%(?=[/\\])/i)
+  if (homePrefix) arg = homedir() + arg.slice(homePrefix[0].length)
   // Drive-relative `cd d:` (cmd/PowerShell): the target is the drive's
   // current directory, which the shell never tells us — path.isAbsolute('d:')
   // is false, so without this branch it resolves against the base and dies on

src/main/index.ts

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import { app, BrowserWindow, globalShortcut, nativeImage, shell } from 'electron'
 import { existsSync } from 'fs'
 import { join } from 'path'
-import { registerIpc } from './ipc'
-import { killAllPtys } from './pty'
+import { isTrustedRendererUrl, registerIpc } from './ipc'
+import { killAllPtys, killPtysByOwner } from './pty'
 import { applyStartupSystemSettings, loadSettings } from './settingsStore'
 import { initTray, markQuitting, onMainWindowClose, refreshTrayMenu } from './tray'
 import { configureAutoUpdater, registerUpdateIpc } from './updater'
@@ -21,6 +21,21 @@ function showOrCreate(): void {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Hand a link to the OS browser. Only the web schemes are allowed: a renderer
+ * that asked to open `file:`/`ms-*:`/anything else must not reach the shell.
+ */
+function openExternal(url: string): void {
+  try {
+    const { protocol } = new URL(url)
+    if (protocol === 'http:' || protocol === 'https:' || protocol === 'ftp:') {
+      void shell.openExternal(url)
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // unparsable target: nothing to open
+  }
+}
+
 // Dev runs get their own userData directory (settings, session snapshot,
 // command history, logs) *and* their own single-instance lock — both are keyed
 // on that path. Without this a dev instance fights the installed build: it
@@ -32,11 +47,34 @@ if (!app.isPackaged) {
 
 // Single instance: a second launch just surfaces the existing window (pulls
 // it out of the tray if hidden there) instead of starting another process.
+// The refused instance skips the whole startup path: `app.quit()` only asks
+// the app to exit, so running the `whenReady` init behind it left a second
+// process with IPC, a tray and an updater but no window.
 const gotSingleInstanceLock = app.requestSingleInstanceLock()
 if (!gotSingleInstanceLock) {
   app.quit()
 } else {
   app.on('second-instance', () => showOrCreate())
+
+  app.whenReady().then(() => {
+    registerIpc()
+    registerUpdateIpc()
+    // Before the window exists: a renderer-triggered check must not run against
+    // the updater's defaults (feed, proxy, autoDownload are set in here).
+    configureAutoUpdater()
+    // OS-level effects (login item, sleep blocker) must apply even if the
+    // settings dialog is never opened this run.
+    applyStartupSystemSettings(loadSettings())
+    createWindow()
+    initTray(showOrCreate)
+    // Tray labels are resolved from the dictionary at build time, so the menu has
+    // to be rebuilt whenever the interface language changes.
+    onLanguageChange(() => refreshTrayMenu())
+
+    app.on('activate', () => {
+      if (BrowserWindow.getAllWindows().length === 0) createWindow()
+    })
+  })
 }
 
 function createWindow(): void {
@@ -95,11 +133,25 @@ function createWindow(): void {
     }
   })
 
+  // A renderer that crashed or was destroyed without running its own cleanup
+  // (normal close/reload kills its sessions via beforeunload first) leaves
+  // orphaned PTY/SSH transports behind — and session logs that keep appending.
+  const dropOwnedSessions = (): void => killPtysByOwner(win.webContents.id)
+  win.webContents.on('render-process-gone', dropOwnedSessions)
+  win.webContents.on('destroyed', dropOwnedSessions)
+
   win.webContents.setWindowOpenHandler((details) => {
-    shell.openExternal(details.url)
+    openExternal(details.url)
     return { action: 'deny' }
   })
 
+  // Dropping a local .html file on the window is a navigation like any other,
+  // and the new document would inherit this window's privileged preload. Only
+  // the app's own page may (re)load here.
+  win.webContents.on('will-navigate', (event, url) => {
+    if (!isTrustedRendererUrl(url)) event.preventDefault()
+  })
+
   const devUrl = process.env['ELECTRON_RENDERER_URL']
   if (devUrl) {
     win.loadURL(devUrl)
@@ -115,24 +167,6 @@ process.on('uncaughtException', (err) => {
   console.error('[main] uncaughtException:', err)
 })
 
-app.whenReady().then(() => {
-  registerIpc()
-  registerUpdateIpc()
-  // OS-level effects (login item, sleep blocker) must apply even if the
-  // settings dialog is never opened this run.
-  applyStartupSystemSettings(loadSettings())
-  createWindow()
-  initTray(showOrCreate)
-  // Tray labels are resolved from the dictionary at build time, so the menu has
-  // to be rebuilt whenever the interface language changes.
-  onLanguageChange(() => refreshTrayMenu())
-  configureAutoUpdater()
-
-  app.on('activate', () => {
-    if (BrowserWindow.getAllWindows().length === 0) createWindow()
-  })
-})
-
 app.on('before-quit', () => {
   // Let window 'close' events pass through so teardown completes.
   markQuitting()

src/main/ipc.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 import { app, ipcMain, shell } from 'electron'
+import type { IpcMainEvent, IpcMainInvokeEvent } from 'electron'
 import fontList from 'font-list'
 import { homedir } from 'os'
 import { statSync } from 'fs'
+import { join } from 'path'
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'url'
 import { Ipc, type AppInfo, type LayoutMeta, type PtyCreateOptions } from '../shared/ipc'
 import { t } from '../shared/i18n'
 import type { HostKeyAction, SessionOpenOptions, SshConnection, SshConnectionInput } from '../shared/connections'
@@ -33,6 +36,66 @@ import { createPty, killPty, resizePty, writePty, openSession, configureSessionR
 import { respondZmodem } from './zmodem'
 import type { ZmodemResponse } from '../shared/ipc'
 
+/** The renderer document this app loads (dev builds load it from vite instead). */
+const RENDERER_FILE = join(__dirname, '../renderer/index.html')
+
+/**
+ * True only for a document the app itself loaded: the bundled renderer file, or
+ * in dev anything served by the vite dev server. Used both to refuse a
+ * navigation away from the app page and to refuse IPC from a frame that is not
+ * it — a window that navigated elsewhere would still hold this preload bridge,
+ * which is the whole main-process API (`createPty` included).
+ */
+export function isTrustedRendererUrl(raw: string): boolean {
+  const devUrl = process.env['ELECTRON_RENDERER_URL']
+  try {
+    const target = new URL(raw)
+    if (devUrl) return target.origin === new URL(devUrl).origin
+    return target.protocol === 'file:' && target.pathname === pathToFileURL(RENDERER_FILE).pathname
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
+type InvokeListener = (event: IpcMainInvokeEvent, ...args: any[]) => unknown
+type EventListener = (event: IpcMainEvent, ...args: any[]) => void
+
+let senderGuardInstalled = false
+
+/**
+ * Channels are registered from four modules (this one, settingsStore,
+ * sessionState, updater) and Electron exposes no global IPC hook, so the sender
+ * check is installed once here — the single entry point all of them are
+ * registered through — rather than repeated at every registration site.
+ *
+ * Handlers never saw the sender before: any frame that managed to navigate
+ * could drive the main process. Refused invokes reject the renderer's promise;
+ * refused sends are dropped.
+ */
+function installSenderGuard(): void {
+  if (senderGuardInstalled) return
+  senderGuardInstalled = true
+  const rawHandle = ipcMain.handle.bind(ipcMain) as (
+    channel: string,
+    listener: InvokeListener
+  ) => void
+  const rawOn = ipcMain.on.bind(ipcMain) as (channel: string, listener: EventListener) => void
+
+  ipcMain.handle = ((channel: string, listener: InvokeListener) =>
+    rawHandle(channel, (event, ...args) => {
+      if (!isTrustedRendererUrl(event.senderFrame?.url ?? '')) {
+        throw new Error(`[ipc] refused "${channel}" from an untrusted frame`)
+      }
+      return listener(event, ...args)
+    })) as typeof ipcMain.handle
+
+  ipcMain.on = ((channel: string, listener: EventListener) =>
+    rawOn(channel, (event, ...args) => {
+      if (!isTrustedRendererUrl(event.senderFrame?.url ?? '')) return
+      listener(event, ...args)
+    })) as typeof ipcMain.on
+}
+
 let commandsStore: CommandsStore | undefined
 
 /** M5: inject a custom command store (tests) or default to userData-backed. */
@@ -48,6 +111,7 @@ export function getCommandsStore(): CommandsStore {
 }
 
 export function registerIpc(): void {
+  installSenderGuard()
   const connectionsStore = new ConnectionsStore(defaultConnectionsPath(app.getPath('userData')))
   const knownHostsStore = new KnownHostsStore(defaultKnownHostsPath(app.getPath('userData')))
   const cmds = getCommandsStore()
@@ -82,8 +146,8 @@ export function registerIpc(): void {
     (): AppInfo => ({ platform: process.platform, appVersion: app.getVersion(), homeDir: homedir() })
   )
 
-  ipcMain.handle(Ipc.PTY_CREATE, (_event, opts?: PtyCreateOptions) => createPty(opts))
-  ipcMain.handle(Ipc.SESSION_OPEN, (_event, opts: SessionOpenOptions) => openSession(opts))
+  ipcMain.handle(Ipc.PTY_CREATE, (event, opts?: PtyCreateOptions) => createPty(opts, event.sender.id))
+  ipcMain.handle(Ipc.SESSION_OPEN, (event, opts: SessionOpenOptions) => openSession(opts, event.sender.id))
   ipcMain.handle(Ipc.SESSION_REPLAY, (_event, id: string) => getSessionReplay(id))
   ipcMain.on(Ipc.PTY_WRITE, (_event, id: string, data: string) => writePty(id, data))
   ipcMain.on(Ipc.PTY_RESIZE, (_event, id: string, cols: number, rows: number) =>

src/main/knownHosts.ts

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
  */
 
 import { createHash, randomUUID } from 'crypto'
-import { mkdirSync, readFileSync, writeFileSync } from 'fs'
-import { dirname } from 'path'
+import { readFileSync } from 'fs'
+import { writeJson } from './store'
 
 export interface KnownHostEntry {
   /** uuid; addedAt is split out so fingerprint clash updates can be precise */
@@ -63,8 +63,7 @@ export class KnownHostsStore {
   }
 
   private save(shape: KnownHostsStoreShape): void {
-    mkdirSync(dirname(this.filePath), { recursive: true })
-    writeFileSync(this.filePath, JSON.stringify(shape, null, 2), 'utf8')
+    writeJson(this.filePath, shape)
   }
 
   /**

src/main/layouts.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
 import { app } from 'electron'
-import { mkdirSync, readFileSync, readdirSync, rmSync, writeFileSync } from 'fs'
+import { mkdirSync, readFileSync, readdirSync, rmSync } from 'fs'
 import { join } from 'path'
 import type { LayoutMeta } from '../shared/ipc'
+import { writeJson } from './store'
+
+/** Layout ids reach this module straight from the renderer and are joined into
+ *  a path, so only a plain id is accepted — `..`, separators and drive prefixes
+ *  would otherwise escape `userData/layouts`. */
+const LAYOUT_ID = /^[A-Za-z0-9._-]{1,64}$/
 
 const layoutsDir = (): string => {
   const dir = join(app.getPath('userData'), 'layouts')
@@ -9,6 +15,10 @@ const layoutsDir = (): string => {
   return dir
 }
 
+function isValidLayoutId(id: unknown): id is string {
+  return typeof id === 'string' && LAYOUT_ID.test(id)
+}
+
 function layoutPath(id: string): string {
   return join(layoutsDir(), `${id}.json`)
 }
@@ -39,6 +49,7 @@ export function listLayouts(): LayoutMeta[] {
 }
 
 export function getLayout(id: string): string | null {
+  if (!isValidLayoutId(id)) return null
   try {
     const file = JSON.parse(readFileSync(layoutPath(id), 'utf8')) as Partial<LayoutFile>
     return typeof file.json === 'string' ? file.json : null
@@ -48,11 +59,17 @@ export function getLayout(id: string): string | null {
 }
 
 export function saveLayout(meta: LayoutMeta, json: string): void {
+  if (!isValidLayoutId(meta.id)) {
+    throw new Error(`[layouts] invalid layout id: ${String(meta.id)}`)
+  }
   const file: LayoutFile = { id: meta.id, name: meta.name, createdAt: meta.createdAt, json }
-  writeFileSync(layoutPath(meta.id), JSON.stringify(file, null, 2), 'utf8')
+  writeJson(layoutPath(meta.id), file)
 }
 
 export function deleteLayout(id: string): void {
+  if (!isValidLayoutId(id)) {
+    throw new Error(`[layouts] invalid layout id: ${String(id)}`)
+  }
   try {
     rmSync(layoutPath(id))
   } catch (err) {

src/main/logSanitizer.ts

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ export class LogSanitizer {
             this.cr = true
           } else if (c === '\n') {
             out += this.emitLine()
-          } else if (c === '\t' || c >= ' ' || c === '\x7f') {
+          } else if (c === '\t' || c >= ' ') {
             // printable + tab; DEL and C0 controls (bell etc.) are dropped
             if (this.alt) this.altDirty = true
             else this.line += c
@@ -97,6 +97,10 @@ export class LogSanitizer {
             this.mode = 'text'
           } else if (this.seq.length < 1024) {
             this.seq += c
+          } else {
+            // Runaway sequence past the cap: resync as plain text instead of
+            // swallowing all following output while stuck in 'csi'.
+            this.mode = 'text'
           }
           break
         case 'osc':
@@ -124,9 +128,15 @@ export class LogSanitizer {
       this.cr = false
       // A trailing \r at stop: treat as line ending rather than overwrite.
       out += this.emitLine()
-    } else if (this.line && !this.alt) {
-      out += this.line
-      this.line = ''
+    } else if (this.line) {
+      if (this.alt) {
+        // Stopped mid-TUI: route through emitLine so the suppressed span gets
+        // its [TUI output omitted] marker via altDirty below.
+        out += this.emitLine()
+      } else {
+        out += this.line
+        this.line = ''
+      }
     }
     if (this.altDirty) {
       this.altDirty = false

src/main/pty.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { t } from '../shared/i18n'
 import { spawn, type IPty } from '@lydell/node-pty'
 import { randomUUID } from 'crypto'
 import { homedir } from 'os'
+import { StringDecoder } from 'string_decoder'
 import { Ipc, type PtyCreateOptions, type PtyCreateResult } from '../shared/ipc'
 import type { SessionOpenOptions, HostKeyPromptEvent, SshConnection } from '../shared/connections'
 import { broadcast } from './broadcast'
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ function safeStopLog(id: string): void {
  * shell; the generic PTY_* (data plane) channels address both. PTY_DATA /
  * PTY_EXIT broadcasts are identical for both kinds.
  */
-type Session = { kind: 'local'; pty: IPty } | { kind: 'ssh'; ssh: SshSessionHandle }
+type Session = { kind: 'local'; pty: IPty; owner?: number } | { kind: 'ssh'; ssh: SshSessionHandle; owner?: number }
 
 /** The live ssh2 client behind an ssh session, or undefined. */
 export function getSshClient(id: string): SshSessionHandle['client'] | undefined {
@@ -73,11 +74,28 @@ const sessions = new Map<string, Session>()
 const REPLAY_CAP = 64 * 1024
 const replayBuffers = new Map<string, string>()
 
+/**
+ * Per-session UTF-8 decoder for the ssh data plane. ssh2 hands out raw TCP
+ * chunks, so a multi-byte character split across a chunk boundary must be
+ * held over by the decoder instead of decoding each chunk alone (which turns
+ * the split char into U+FFFD — systematic for CJK output).
+ */
+const sshDecoders = new Map<string, StringDecoder>()
+
 function appendReplay(id: string, data: string): void {
   const prev = replayBuffers.get(id) ?? ''
-  const next = prev.length + data.length > REPLAY_CAP
-    ? (prev + data).slice(prev.length + data.length - REPLAY_CAP)
-    : prev + data
+  const combined = prev + data
+  let next = combined.length > REPLAY_CAP ? combined.slice(combined.length - REPLAY_CAP) : combined
+  if (next !== combined) {
+    // The cut may have landed inside an escape sequence or a surrogate pair.
+    // Resync at the next ESC (which starts a complete sequence) and drop a
+    // leading lone low surrogate so xterm neither swallows later output nor
+    // renders a replacement char.
+    const esc = next.indexOf('\x1b')
+    if (esc > 0 && esc < 64) next = next.slice(esc)
+    const code = next.charCodeAt(0)
+    if (code >= 0xdc00 && code <= 0xdfff) next = next.slice(1)
+  }
   replayBuffers.set(id, next)
 }
 
@@ -148,7 +166,7 @@ function defaultShell(): string {
   }
 }
 
-export function createPty(opts: PtyCreateOptions = {}): PtyCreateResult {
+export function createPty(opts: PtyCreateOptions = {}, owner?: number): PtyCreateResult {
   const id = randomUUID()
   const shell = opts.shell ?? defaultShell()
   // A remembered directory can be gone by the next launch (renamed, unmounted,
@@ -185,7 +203,7 @@ export function createPty(opts: PtyCreateOptions = {}): PtyCreateResult {
   }
 
   const pty = spawn(shell, args, { name: 'xterm-256color', cols: 80, rows: 24, cwd, env })
-  sessions.set(id, { kind: 'local', pty })
+  sessions.set(id, { kind: 'local', pty, owner })
   replayBuffers.set(id, '')
 
   pty.onData((data) => {
@@ -218,9 +236,9 @@ export function createPty(opts: PtyCreateOptions = {}): PtyCreateResult {
  * Open a session. `local` reuses createPty; `ssh` goes through the ssh service
  * and resolves only once the shell stream is ready to stream data.
  */
-export async function openSession(opts: SessionOpenOptions): Promise<{ id: string }> {
+export async function openSession(opts: SessionOpenOptions, owner?: number): Promise<{ id: string }> {
   if (opts.kind === 'local') {
-    return { id: createPty().id }
+    return { id: createPty(undefined, owner).id }
   }
 
   const deps = runtimeDeps
@@ -248,7 +266,8 @@ export async function openSession(opts: SessionOpenOptions): Promise<{ id: strin
     broadcast: deps.broadcast,
     promptHostKey: deps.promptHostKey
   })
-  sessions.set(handle.id, { kind: 'ssh', ssh: handle })
+  sessions.set(handle.id, { kind: 'ssh', ssh: handle, owner })
+  sshDecoders.set(handle.id, new StringDecoder('utf8'))
 
   // ZMODEM (M6): attach the in-process engine to the raw ssh stream. Only ssh
   // sessions are supported -- node-pty/Windows ConPTY hands out UTF-8 strings
@@ -258,7 +277,9 @@ export async function openSession(opts: SessionOpenOptions): Promise<{ id: strin
   // writePty drops user keystrokes while isZmodemActive is true).
   attachZmodem(handle.id, {
     broadcast: (channel, ...args) => deps.broadcast(channel, ...args),
-    toTerminal: (id, text) => {
+    toTerminal: (id, data) => {
+      const text = sshDecoders.get(id)?.write(data) ?? data.toString('utf8')
+      if (!text) return // the chunk was entirely a partial multi-byte char
       appendReplay(id, text)
       safeLog(id, text)
       deps.broadcast(Ipc.PTY_DATA, { id, data: text })
@@ -282,6 +303,11 @@ export async function openSession(opts: SessionOpenOptions): Promise<{ id: strin
     feedZmodem(handle.id, data)
   })
 
+  handle.stream.on('exit', (code: number | undefined) => {
+    // ssh2 reports the remote command's real exit status here, before 'close'.
+    if (typeof code === 'number') handle.exitCode = code
+  })
+
   handle.stream.on('close', () => {
     try {
       stopPolling(handle.id)
@@ -290,7 +316,8 @@ export async function openSession(opts: SessionOpenOptions): Promise<{ id: strin
       safeStopLog(handle.id)
       sessions.delete(handle.id)
       replayBuffers.delete(handle.id)
-      deps.broadcast(Ipc.PTY_EXIT, { id: handle.id, exitCode: 0 })
+      sshDecoders.delete(handle.id)
+      deps.broadcast(Ipc.PTY_EXIT, { id: handle.id, exitCode: handle.exitCode })
     } catch {
       // never crash the event loop
     }
@@ -325,12 +352,13 @@ export function resizePty(id: string, cols: number, rows: number): void {
   }
 }
 
-export function killPty(id: string): void {
+function killSession(id: string): void {
   stopPolling(id)
   closeSftp(id)
   detachZmodem(id)
   safeStopLog(id)
   replayBuffers.delete(id)
+  sshDecoders.delete(id)
   const session = sessions.get(id)
   if (!session) return
   if (session.kind === 'ssh') {
@@ -354,6 +382,20 @@ export function killPty(id: string): void {
   sessions.delete(id)
 }
 
+export function killPty(id: string): void {
+  killSession(id)
+}
+
+/** Kill every session owned by a renderer that crashed or was destroyed
+ *  without running its own cleanup — normal close/reload kills its own
+ *  sessions via beforeunload before we ever get here. */
+export function killPtysByOwner(owner: number): void {
+  for (const id of [...sessions.keys()]) {
+    if (sessions.get(id)?.owner !== owner) continue
+    killSession(id)
+  }
+}
+
 export function killAllPtys(): void {
   for (const id of sessions.keys()) {
     stopPolling(id)
@@ -382,4 +424,5 @@ export function killAllPtys(): void {
     }
   }
   sessions.clear()
+  sshDecoders.clear()
 }

src/main/settingsStore.ts

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
   type SystemSettings,
   type TerminalSettings
 } from '../shared/settings'
-import type { TerminalTheme } from '../shared/theme'
+import { DEFAULT_DARK, type TerminalTheme, type ThemeColors } from '../shared/theme'
 import { DEFAULT_LANGUAGE, isLanguage, setLanguage } from '../shared/i18n'
 import { broadcast } from './broadcast'
 import { applyGlobalShortcut } from './globalShortcuts'
@@ -18,16 +18,12 @@ import { applyWindowChrome } from './windowChrome'
 
 const settingsPath = (): string => join(app.getPath('userData'), 'settings.json')
 
-const DEFAULT_SYSTEM: SystemSettings = {
-  launchAtLogin: false,
-  preventSleep: false,
-  globalShowHide: '',
-  // Must match DEFAULT_SETTINGS.system in @shared/settings — an "ask" here made
-  // a fresh install prompt on close while the docs and UI promised tray.
-  closeAction: 'tray',
-  autoCheckUpdate: true,
-  language: DEFAULT_LANGUAGE
-}
+/**
+ * Snapshot of the shared system defaults, derived rather than retyped so the two
+ * cannot drift (a hand-written copy once shipped closeAction 'ask', which made a
+ * fresh install prompt on close while the docs and UI promised the tray).
+ */
+const DEFAULT_SYSTEM: SystemSettings = { ...DEFAULT_SETTINGS.system }
 
 const TERMINAL_KEYS = new Set(Object.keys(DEFAULT_SETTINGS.terminal) as (keyof TerminalSettings)[])
 
@@ -108,6 +104,58 @@ function sanitizeRules(value: unknown, warnings: Warnings): HighlightRule[] {
   return rules
 }
 
+const THEME_COLOR_KEYS = Object.keys(DEFAULT_DARK.colors) as (keyof ThemeColors)[]
+
+/**
+ * Validate custom themes, repairing colours instead of dropping the theme.
+ *
+ * These reach `getThemeById`, which does a bare `.find()` over the list and
+ * hands the result to xterm *and* to the window/title-bar colours — an entry
+ * without an id or without colours used to throw inside `whenReady`, i.e. before
+ * the tray and updater were wired, leaving a windowless process holding the
+ * single-instance lock. Every colour missing from the stored entry is filled
+ * from the built-in dark theme so a theme is always complete.
+ */
+function sanitizeThemes(value: unknown, warnings: Warnings): TerminalTheme[] {
+  if (!Array.isArray(value)) return []
+  const themes: TerminalTheme[] = []
+  value.forEach((entry, index) => {
+    if (entry === null || typeof entry !== 'object') {
+      warnings.push(`customThemes[${index}]: not an object — skipped`)
+      return
+    }
+    const theme = entry as Record<string, unknown>
+    if (typeof theme.id !== 'string' || theme.id === '' || typeof theme.name !== 'string') {
+      warnings.push(`customThemes[${index}]: missing id/name — skipped`)
+      return
+    }
+    if (theme.colors === null || typeof theme.colors !== 'object') {
+      warnings.push(`customThemes[${index}].colors repaired → built-in dark palette`)
+    }
+    const candidate =
+      theme.colors !== null && typeof theme.colors === 'object'
+        ? (theme.colors as Record<string, unknown>)
+        : null
+    const colors: ThemeColors = { ...DEFAULT_DARK.colors }
+    const target = colors as unknown as Record<string, string>
+    for (const key of THEME_COLOR_KEYS) {
+      const color = candidate?.[key]
+      if (typeof color === 'string' && color !== '') target[key] = color
+      else if (color !== undefined) {
+        warnings.push(`customThemes[${index}].colors.${key} repaired → built-in default`)
+      }
+    }
+    themes.push({
+      ...theme,
+      id: theme.id,
+      name: theme.name,
+      builtin: theme.builtin === true,
+      colors
+    } as TerminalTheme)
+  })
+  return themes
+}
+
 function deepMerge(raw: unknown): { settings: AppSettings; errors: string[] } {
   const errors: string[] = []
   let terminal: TerminalSettings = { ...DEFAULT_SETTINGS.terminal }
@@ -137,7 +185,7 @@ function deepMerge(raw: unknown): { settings: AppSettings; errors: string[] } {
     }
   }
 
-  let system: unknown = DEFAULT_SYSTEM
+  let system: unknown = { ...DEFAULT_SYSTEM }
   if (raw !== null && typeof raw === 'object') {
     const sys = (raw as { system?: unknown }).system
     if (sys !== null && typeof sys === 'object') {
@@ -164,7 +212,7 @@ function deepMerge(raw: unknown): { settings: AppSettings; errors: string[] } {
     }
   }
 
-  const themes: TerminalTheme[] = Array.isArray(customThemes) ? (customThemes as TerminalTheme[]) : []
+  const themes = sanitizeThemes(customThemes, errors)
 
   return {
     settings: {
@@ -306,13 +354,23 @@ export function mutateSettings(mutate: (settings: AppSettings) => AppSettings):
   return run
 }
 
-/** Replace the persisted settings with `next` (serialized). */
-export function saveSettings(next: AppSettings): Promise<AppSettings> {
-  return mutateSettings((current) => ({ ...current, ...next }))
+/** Merge a (partial) settings patch into the persisted settings. */
+export function saveSettings(next: Partial<AppSettings>): Promise<AppSettings> {
+  // system/terminal merge one level deep, so a partial patch cannot wipe sibling
+  // keys. The renderer now sends a minimal patch, so *absent* fields no longer
+  // win over the stored state; stale-but-sent fields still do, which is why
+  // main-process writes go through mutateSettings on the freshly read state
+  // instead of this path.
+  return mutateSettings((current) => ({
+    ...current,
+    ...next,
+    terminal: { ...current.terminal, ...next.terminal },
+    system: { ...current.system, ...next.system }
+  }))
 }
 
 export function registerSettingsIpc(): void {
   migrateDefaultsOnce()
   ipcMain.handle(Ipc.SETTINGS_GET, () => loadSettings())
-  ipcMain.handle(Ipc.SETTINGS_SET, (_event, next: AppSettings) => saveSettings(next))
+  ipcMain.handle(Ipc.SETTINGS_SET, (_event, next: Partial<AppSettings>) => saveSettings(next))
 }

src/main/sftp.ts

@@ -41,8 +41,14 @@ export function formatMode(mode: number): string {
     [0o040, 'r'], [0o020, 'w'], [0o010, 'x'],
     [0o004, 'r'], [0o002, 'w'], [0o001, 'x']
   ]
-  const perm = groups.map(([bit, ch]) => ((mode & bit) !== 0 ? ch : '-')).join('')
-  return kind + perm
+  const perm = groups.map(([bit, ch]) => ((mode & bit) !== 0 ? ch : '-'))
+  // Special bits share the x columns: setuid/setgid → s/S, sticky → t/T
+  // (uppercase when the corresponding execute bit is clear). The renderer's
+  // permission editor round-trips these, so report them instead of dropping.
+  if ((mode & 0o4000) !== 0) perm[2] = perm[2] === 'x' ? 's' : 'S'
+  if ((mode & 0o2000) !== 0) perm[5] = perm[5] === 'x' ? 's' : 'S'
+  if ((mode & 0o1000) !== 0) perm[8] = perm[8] === 'x' ? 't' : 'T'
+  return kind + perm.join('')
 }
 
 /**
@@ -70,12 +76,23 @@ async function sftpOf(sessionId: string): Promise<SFTPWrapper> {
   const sftp = await new Promise<SFTPWrapper>((resolve, reject) => {
     client.sftp((err, sftp_) => (err != null ? reject(err) : resolve(sftp_)))
   })
+  // ssh2.d.ts declares only the used surface; the wrapper is an EventEmitter
+  ;(sftp as SFTPWrapper & { on(event: 'error', cb: (err: Error) => void): void }).on('error', (err: Error) => {
+    console.error(`[sftp] channel error sessionId=${sessionId}: ${err.message}`)
+    if (sftpCache.get(sessionId) === sftp) evictSftp(sessionId)
+  })
   sftpCache.set(sessionId, sftp)
   return sftp
 }
 
 function evictSftp(sessionId: string): void {
+  const sftp = sftpCache.get(sessionId)
   sftpCache.delete(sessionId)
+  try {
+    sftp?.end?.()
+  } catch {
+    // best effort — the channel may already be dead
+  }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -87,7 +104,7 @@ function evictSftp(sessionId: string): void {
 function isTransportError(err: unknown): boolean {
   if (err instanceof SessionGoneError) return true
   const msg = (err as Error | undefined)?.message ?? ''
-  return /not connected|ECONNRESET|EPIPE|timed out|disconnected|channel|read past end/i.test(msg)
+  return /not connected|ECONNRESET|EPIPE|timed out|disconnected|channel|read past end|no response/i.test(msg)
 }
 
 /** Run `fn` with the session's cached sftp; a dead cached channel is evicted and retried once. */
@@ -193,7 +210,7 @@ export function deleteRemote(sessionId: string, paths: string[]): Promise<void>
         failures.push(`${path}: ${(err as Error).message}`)
       }
     }
-    if (paths.length > 0 && failures.length === paths.length) {
+    if (failures.length > 0) {
       throw new Error(t('main.sftp.deleteFailed', { detail: failures.join('; ') }))
     }
   })
@@ -235,13 +252,25 @@ function execQuiet(sessionId: string, cmd: string): Promise<void> {
         reject(err)
         return
       }
+      let stdout = ''
       let stderr = ''
-      stream.on('data', () => undefined)
+      const timer = setTimeout(() => {
+        stream.close()
+        reject(new Error(t('main.sftp.commandTimeout')))
+      }, 10_000)
+      stream.on('data', (d: Buffer) => {
+        stdout += d.toString('utf8')
+      })
       stream.stderr?.on('data', (d: Buffer) => {
         stderr += d.toString('utf8')
       })
+      stream.on('error', (e: Error) => {
+        clearTimeout(timer)
+        reject(e)
+      })
       stream.on('close', (code: number) => {
-        if (code) reject(new Error(stderr || t('main.sftp.commandExitCode', { code })))
+        clearTimeout(timer)
+        if (code) reject(new Error(stderr || stdout || t('main.sftp.commandExitCode', { code })))
         else resolve()
       })
     })
@@ -299,7 +328,6 @@ export function uploadRemote(
             try {
               let pos = 0
               let lastEmit = 0
-              const buf = Buffer.alloc(CHUNK)
               for (;;) {
                 if (transfer.cancelled) throw new Error(t('main.sftp.cancelled'))
                 if (firstError) throw firstError
@@ -307,6 +335,9 @@ export function uploadRemote(
                   await Promise.race(inflight)
                   if (firstError) throw firstError
                 }
+                // per-iteration buffer: pipelined writes outlive the loop, and
+                // ssh2 re-reads the overflow tail after the ACK arrives
+                const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(CHUNK)
                 const { bytesRead } = await localHandle.read(buf, 0, CHUNK, pos)
                 if (bytesRead === 0) break
                 const offset = pos
@@ -408,6 +439,8 @@ export function downloadRemote(
           } catch (err) {
             await fsp.rm(local, { force: true })
             throw err
+          } finally {
+            await pVoid(cb => sftp.close(handle, cb)).catch(() => undefined)
           }
           if (transfer.cancelled) {
             await fsp.rm(local, { force: true })

src/main/ssh.ts

@@ -28,6 +28,11 @@ export interface SshSessionHandle {
   client: Client
   /** open interactive shell channel (ClientChannel, a Duplex) */
   stream: ClientChannel
+  /**
+   * Exit code reported for the session: the channel's 'exit' event when the
+   * remote sends one, 1 when the client errors out mid-session, else 0.
+   */
+  exitCode: number
 }
 
 export interface SshServiceDeps {
@@ -80,6 +85,7 @@ export async function connectSsh(
   let settled = false
   let connectTimer: NodeJS.Timeout | undefined
   let verifierErr: string | undefined
+  let sessionHandle: SshSessionHandle | undefined
   let resolvePromise!: (handle: SshSessionHandle) => void
   let rejectPromise!: (err: Error) => void
 
@@ -161,6 +167,9 @@ export async function connectSsh(
         return
       }
       // Session already established: surface as a session exit and clean up.
+      // Record the failure code on the handle so the stream's later 'close'
+      // (pty.ts) reports the same exit code instead of a bogus 0.
+      if (sessionHandle) sessionHandle.exitCode = 1
       try {
         deps.broadcast(Ipc.PTY_EXIT, { id: sessionId, exitCode: 1 })
       } catch {
@@ -201,7 +210,8 @@ export async function connectSsh(
           } catch {
             // store write failure must not break the session
           }
-          resolvePromise({ id: sessionId, client: handshake, stream: shell })
+          sessionHandle = { id: sessionId, client: handshake, stream: shell, exitCode: 0 }
+          resolvePromise(sessionHandle)
         }
       )
     })
@@ -215,8 +225,14 @@ export async function connectSsh(
       hostVerifier
     }
 
-    // Password auth
-    const password = secretOverride?.password ?? deps.connections.getSecret(conn, 'password')
+    // Password auth. A stored password is offered only when the bookmark is
+    // configured for password auth: connectionsStore keeps password_enc when a
+    // bookmark is switched to key/agent auth, and silently falling back to it
+    // would authenticate a weaker method than the user chose. An explicitly
+    // typed connect-time password (secretOverride) is always honoured.
+    const password =
+      secretOverride?.password ??
+      (conn.auth === 'password' ? deps.connections.getSecret(conn, 'password') : undefined)
     if (password !== undefined) cfg.password = password
 
     // Private key auth (keyPath takes precedence over stored keyContent)

src/main/store.ts

@@ -35,12 +35,15 @@ export function readJson<T = unknown>(file: string): T | null {
   }
 }
 
+/** Backing buffer for Atomics.wait below: the retry sleep must be blocking
+ *  because every caller writes synchronously. */
+const RENAME_RETRY_WAIT = new Int32Array(new SharedArrayBuffer(4))
+
 export function writeJson(file: string, value: unknown): void {
   mkdirSync(dirname(file), { recursive: true })
   const tmp = tmpPath(file)
   try {
     writeFileSync(tmp, JSON.stringify(value, null, 2), 'utf8')
-    renameSync(tmp, file)
   } catch (err) {
     // Clean up the temp file so a failed write does not leave litter behind.
     try {
@@ -50,6 +53,26 @@ export function writeJson(file: string, value: unknown): void {
     }
     throw err
   }
+  // On Windows the replacing rename fails transiently with EPERM/EBUSY while
+  // an indexer or AV scanner holds the destination open; a short retry keeps
+  // an otherwise good write from being thrown away.
+  for (let attempt = 0; ; attempt++) {
+    try {
+      renameSync(tmp, file)
+      return
+    } catch (err) {
+      const code = (err as NodeJS.ErrnoException).code
+      if (attempt >= 5 || (code !== 'EPERM' && code !== 'EBUSY')) {
+        try {
+          unlinkSync(tmp)
+        } catch {
+          /* nothing to clean */
+        }
+        throw err
+      }
+      Atomics.wait(RENAME_RETRY_WAIT, 0, 0, 5 * (attempt + 1))
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 /** Convenience for stores whose file lives under a directory. */

src/main/sysinfo.ts

@@ -129,10 +129,26 @@ function pollOnce(id: string, state: PollState): void {
         return
       }
       let out = ''
+      let done = false
+      // A wedged remote command (e.g. df on a hung NFS mount) never closes the
+      // stream; without this watchdog the poll loop freezes silently forever.
+      const watchdog = setTimeout(() => {
+        if (done) return
+        done = true
+        try {
+          stream.close()
+        } catch {
+          // best effort
+        }
+        handleError(id, state, t('main.sysinfo.pollTimeout'))
+      }, state.intervalMs * 2)
       stream.on('data', (d: Buffer) => {
         out += d.toString('utf8')
       })
       const onEnd = (): void => {
+        if (done) return
+        done = true
+        clearTimeout(watchdog)
         if (state.stopped) return
         try {
           stream.close()
@@ -142,7 +158,18 @@ function pollOnce(id: string, state: PollState): void {
         handleOutput(id, state, out)
       }
       stream.on('close', onEnd)
-      stream.on('error', () => onEnd())
+      stream.on('error', (streamErr: Error) => {
+        if (done) return
+        done = true
+        clearTimeout(watchdog)
+        if (state.stopped) return
+        try {
+          stream.close()
+        } catch {
+          // best effort
+        }
+        handleError(id, state, streamErr?.message || t('main.sysinfo.execFailed'))
+      })
     })
   } catch (err) {
     handleError(id, state, (err as Error).message)
@@ -304,8 +331,8 @@ function parseProc(blob: string): { cpu: SysinfoSample['cpu']; cpuIdle: number;
         const irq = f[5] ?? 0
         const softirq = f[6] ?? 0
         const steal = f[7] ?? 0
-        const guest = f[8] ?? 0
-        const guestNice = f[9] ?? 0
+        // guest/guest_nice (f[8]/f[9]) are already included in user/nice per
+        // proc(5) — summing them in would double-count and understate CPU%.
         idle = idleTicks + iowait
         total =
           user +
@@ -314,9 +341,7 @@ function parseProc(blob: string): { cpu: SysinfoSample['cpu']; cpuIdle: number;
           idle +
           irq +
           softirq +
-          steal +
-          guest +
-          guestNice
+          steal
       } else {
         cores += 1
       }

src/main/updater.ts

@@ -67,10 +67,12 @@ function wireEvents(): void {
 
 /** Check the active feed; on failure switch Gitea → GitHub and retry once. */
 async function checkWithFallback(): Promise<void> {
+  // The feed choice is per attempt: a transient Gitea failure must not pin
+  // every later check to GitHub (and its system proxy) for the whole session.
+  useFeed('gitea')
   try {
     await autoUpdater.checkForUpdates()
   } catch (err) {
-    if (activeFeed !== 'gitea') throw err
     console.warn('[updater] gitea feed failed, falling back to github:', err)
     const giteaErr = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
     useFeed('github')
@@ -164,11 +166,15 @@ export function registerUpdateIpc(): void {
   ipcMain.handle(Ipc.UPDATE_CHECK, handleCheck)
   ipcMain.handle(Ipc.UPDATE_DOWNLOAD, handleDownload)
   ipcMain.handle(Ipc.UPDATE_INSTALL, () => {
+    if (!app.isPackaged) return
     // The close interceptor (tray flow) would swallow this quit — mark first.
     markQuitting()
-    autoUpdater.quitAndInstall()
+    // (isSilent, isForceRunAfter): relaunch the installed build, otherwise the
+    // app would just disappear on "restart to update".
+    autoUpdater.quitAndInstall(false, true)
   })
   ipcMain.handle(Ipc.UPDATE_CHANGELOG, fetchChangelog)
+  ipcMain.handle(Ipc.UPDATE_STATE_GET, () => state)
 }
 
 export function configureAutoUpdater(): void {

src/main/zmodem.ts

@@ -37,10 +37,12 @@ export interface ZmodemDeps {
   broadcast(channel: string, ...args: unknown[]): void
   /**
    * Forward NON-ZMODEM octets back through the normal terminal data path
-   * (utf8 + replay + session log + PTY_DATA). pty.ts injects this; the engine
-   * only calls it when no transfer is active.
+   * (utf8 decode + replay + session log + PTY_DATA). pty.ts injects this and
+   * owns the decoding (per-session StringDecoder — a multi-byte char may be
+   * split across TCP chunks); the engine only calls it when no transfer is
+   * active.
    */
-  toTerminal(sessionId: string, text: string): void
+  toTerminal(sessionId: string, data: Buffer): void
   /** Write bytes out to the ssh stream (zmodem frames + CAN abort sequence). */
   writeStream(sessionId: string, data: Buffer): void
 }
@@ -129,7 +131,17 @@ function finalize(
     }
     engine.receiveStream = null
   }
-  engine.session = null // the zsession already ended; drop the reference
+  if (!ok && engine.session) {
+    // Failure paths (stall watchdog, corrupt frame) must stop the peer too:
+    // without an abort the remote rz/sz keeps transmitting frames that then
+    // leak into the terminal and the session log.
+    try {
+      engine.session.abort()
+    } catch {
+      // session already ended
+    }
+  }
+  engine.session = null
   engine.detection = null
 
   if (!engine.progressEmitted) {
@@ -300,7 +312,7 @@ export function attachZmodem(sessionId: string, deps: ZmodemDeps): void {
         // Analysis: also defensive against active http-parsing leftovers.
         if (engine.active) return // suppress binary terminal output during transfer
         try {
-          deps.toTerminal(sessionId, Buffer.from(octets).toString('utf8'))
+          deps.toTerminal(sessionId, Buffer.from(octets))
         } catch {
           // never crash the event loop
         }
@@ -321,6 +333,8 @@ export function attachZmodem(sessionId: string, deps: ZmodemDeps): void {
         engine.dir = null
         engine.session = null
         engine.receiveStream = null
+        engine.bytes = 0
+        engine.totalBytes = 0
         engine.transferId = `zm-${sessionId}`
         emitProgress(engine, { file: '', bytes: 0, totalBytes: 0 })
         try {
@@ -328,7 +342,6 @@ export function attachZmodem(sessionId: string, deps: ZmodemDeps): void {
         } catch {
           // never crash the event loop
         }
-        touchActivity(engine)
         engine.offerTimer = setTimeout(() => {
           if (engine.detection && !engine.confirmed) {
             abortWithoutSession(engine, t('main.zmodem.offerTimedOut'))
@@ -373,6 +386,12 @@ export function attachZmodem(sessionId: string, deps: ZmodemDeps): void {
  * the CAN abort sequence directly so the remote program exits.
  */
 function abortWithoutSession(engine: Engine, message: string): void {
+  try {
+    engine.detection?.deny()
+  } catch {
+    // already retracted or confirmed
+  }
+  engine.detection = null
   try {
     engine.deps.writeStream(engine.id, ABORT_BUFFER)
   } catch {
@@ -425,7 +444,7 @@ export function isZmodemActive(sessionId: string): boolean {
  */
 export function respondZmodem(resp: ZmodemResponse): void {
   const engine = current(resp.id)
-  if (!engine || engine.confirmed) return
+  if (!engine || !engine.active || engine.confirmed) return
 
   if (resp.cancelled) {
     abortWithoutSession(engine, t('main.zmodem.cancelled'))