feat: multi-language interface (zh-CN/zh-TW/en/ja), multilingual offline changelog, settings robustness

i18n
- shared/i18n: dependency-free t() with flat per-namespace dictionaries
  (common/settings/workspace/terminal/ssh/panels/main), zh-CN fallback
- language picker in Settings -> System; antd ConfigProvider locale follows it
- main process tracks the language too: tray menu, close prompt, ssh/sftp/
  zmodem errors and the log TUI marker are translated; tray rebuilds on change

changelog
- CHANGELOG.md (zh-CN canonical) + .zh-TW/.en/.ja, bundled via ?raw and read
  per interface language with per-version fallback to zh-CN (no network)
- sync-changelog.cjs merges RELEASE_NOTES[.<lang>].md per release; release.cjs
  refuses to publish without a zh-CN entry for the version

settings robustness
- closeAction 'ask' survives the sanitizer (was silently coerced to 'tray',
  which made the 'ask every time' option dead)
- highlight rules are repaired instead of dropped: string priority, 0/1
  enabled, missing fg colour; unknown fields preserved
- load-time warnings are written to settings-warnings.log (deduped, capped)

terminal/UI
- configurable terminal toolbar: open working directory (default on), session
  log recording (off), open logs folder (off)
- global shortcut field records key combos (modifier or F-key required)
- input suggestions + command history default to off, with a one-time reset
  migration for existing installs
- settings dialog scrolling fixed (antd v6 renamed the tabs container), theme
  gallery nested scrollbar removed, joined segmented pickers with readable
  selected-state text

tests: settings-store.mjs (15 checks) added; commands-store.mjs updated for
the new off-by-default history setting

src/renderer/src/App.tsx

@@ -1,12 +1,26 @@
 import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+import { ConfigProvider } from 'antd'
+import zhCN from 'antd/locale/zh_CN'
+import zhTW from 'antd/locale/zh_TW'
+import enUS from 'antd/locale/en_US'
+import jaJP from 'antd/locale/ja_JP'
 import Workspace from '@renderer/workspace/Workspace'
 import { SettingsDialog } from '@renderer/settings/SettingsDialog'
 import { TransferPanel } from '@renderer/sftp/TransferPanel'
 import { useSettingsStore } from '@renderer/settings/store'
 import { getThemeById } from '@shared/theme'
+import { DEFAULT_LANGUAGE, setLanguage, type Language } from '@shared/i18n'
 import { applyChromeTheme, applyTabAccent } from '@renderer/theme/chrome'
 import appIconUrl from '../../../build/icon.png'
 
+/** antd's own component texts (empty states, pagination, date pickers). */
+const ANTD_LOCALES: Record<Language, typeof zhCN> = {
+  'zh-CN': zhCN,
+  'zh-TW': zhTW,
+  en: enUS,
+  ja: jaJP
+}
+
 /** Custom window title bar: draggable strip themed with the active terminal
  *  theme; native min/max/close buttons come from BrowserWindow titleBarOverlay. */
 function TitleBar(): React.JSX.Element {
@@ -28,12 +42,18 @@ export default function App(): React.JSX.Element {
   const themeId = useSettingsStore((s) => s.settings.terminal.themeId)
   const customThemes = useSettingsStore((s) => s.settings.customThemes)
   const tabAccentColor = useSettingsStore((s) => s.settings.terminal.tabAccentColor)
+  const language = useSettingsStore((s) => s.settings.system.language ?? DEFAULT_LANGUAGE)
   const [settingsOpen, setSettingsOpen] = useState(false)
 
   useEffect(() => {
     void hydrate()
   }, [hydrate])
 
+  // Interface language: drives t() and antd's built-in component texts.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setLanguage(language)
+  }, [language])
+
   // Sidebar / tab bars / dividers follow the active terminal theme.
   useEffect(() => {
     applyChromeTheme(getThemeById(themeId, customThemes).colors)
@@ -45,11 +65,13 @@ export default function App(): React.JSX.Element {
   }, [tabAccentColor])
 
   return (
-    <div className="app-root">
-      <TitleBar />
-      <Workspace onOpenSettings={() => setSettingsOpen(true)} />
-      <SettingsDialog open={settingsOpen} onClose={() => setSettingsOpen(false)} />
-      <TransferPanel />
-    </div>
+    <ConfigProvider locale={ANTD_LOCALES[language]}>
+      <div className="app-root">
+        <TitleBar />
+        <Workspace onOpenSettings={() => setSettingsOpen(true)} />
+        <SettingsDialog open={settingsOpen} onClose={() => setSettingsOpen(false)} />
+        <TransferPanel />
+      </div>
+    </ConfigProvider>
   )
 }

src/renderer/src/ErrorBoundary.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { Component } from 'react'
 import type { ErrorInfo, ReactNode } from 'react'
+import { t } from '@shared/i18n'
 
 interface ErrorBoundaryProps {
   children: ReactNode
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ export class ErrorBoundary extends Component<ErrorBoundaryProps, ErrorBoundarySt
             color: '#cccccc'
           }}
         >
-          <div>界面出现异常</div>
+          <div>{t('workspace.error.title')}</div>
           <pre
             style={{
               maxWidth: 720,
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ export class ErrorBoundary extends Component<ErrorBoundaryProps, ErrorBoundarySt
             onClick={() => window.location.reload()}
             style={{ padding: '6px 18px', cursor: 'pointer' }}
           >
-            重新加载
+            {t('workspace.error.reload')}
           </button>
         </div>
       )

src/renderer/src/commands/CommandsPanel.tsx

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
 import { Button, Modal, Popconfirm, Tabs } from 'antd'
 import { DeleteOutlined, PlusOutlined } from '@ant-design/icons'
 import type { CommandItem } from '@shared/commands'
+import { t } from '@shared/i18n'
 import { useWorkspaceModeStore } from '../workspace/workspaceModeStore'
 import './commands.css'
 
@@ -88,8 +89,10 @@ export function CommandsPanel({ onRun }: CommandsPanelProps): React.JSX.Element
   return (
     <div className="commands-panel">
       <div className={`commands-mode-badge commands-mode-badge--${workspaceMode}`}>
-        <span className="commands-mode-badge-text">发送目标</span>
-        <span className="commands-mode-badge-tag">{workspaceMode === 'ssh' ? 'SSH 服务器' : '终端'}</span>
+        <span className="commands-mode-badge-text">{t('panels.commands.target')}</span>
+        <span className="commands-mode-badge-tag">
+          {workspaceMode === 'ssh' ? t('panels.commands.targetSsh') : t('panels.commands.targetTerminal')}
+        </span>
       </div>
       <Tabs
         size="small"
@@ -97,27 +100,29 @@ export function CommandsPanel({ onRun }: CommandsPanelProps): React.JSX.Element
         items={[
           {
             key: 'history',
-            label: '历史',
+            label: t('panels.commands.tabHistory'),
             children: (
               <div className="commands-section">
                 <div className="commands-section-head">
-                  <span className="commands-section-title">历史命令</span>
+                  <span className="commands-section-title">{t('panels.commands.historyTitle')}</span>
                   {history.length > 0 && (
                     <Popconfirm
-                      title="清空全部命令历史？"
-                      okText="清空"
-                      cancelText="取消"
+                      title={t('panels.commands.clearTitle')}
+                      okText={t('panels.commands.clear')}
+                      cancelText={t('common.cancel')}
                       okButtonProps={{ danger: true }}
                       onConfirm={() => void handleClearHistory()}
                     >
                       <Button type="text" size="small" danger className="commands-clear-btn">
-                        清空
+                        {t('panels.commands.clear')}
                       </Button>
                     </Popconfirm>
                   )}
                 </div>
                 {history.length === 0 ? (
-                  <div className="commands-empty">{loaded ? '暂无历史命令' : '加载中…'}</div>
+                  <div className="commands-empty">
+                    {loaded ? t('panels.commands.noHistory') : t('panels.commands.loading')}
+                  </div>
                 ) : (
                   <ul className="commands-list">
                     {history.map((item) => (
@@ -130,22 +135,24 @@ export function CommandsPanel({ onRun }: CommandsPanelProps): React.JSX.Element
           },
           {
             key: 'library',
-            label: '命令库',
+            label: t('panels.commands.tabLibrary'),
             children: (
               <div className="commands-section">
                 <div className="commands-section-head">
-                  <span className="commands-section-title">命令库</span>
+                  <span className="commands-section-title">{t('panels.commands.libraryTitle')}</span>
                   <Button
                     type="text"
                     size="small"
                     icon={<PlusOutlined />}
                     onClick={handleAdd}
-                    aria-label="新增命令"
-                    title="新增命令"
+                    aria-label={t('panels.commands.add')}
+                    title={t('panels.commands.add')}
                   />
                 </div>
                 {library.length === 0 ? (
-                  <div className="commands-empty">{loaded ? '命令库为空' : '加载中…'}</div>
+                  <div className="commands-empty">
+                    {loaded ? t('panels.commands.libraryEmpty') : t('panels.commands.loading')}
+                  </div>
                 ) : (
                   <ul className="commands-list">
                     {library.map((item) => (
@@ -166,9 +173,9 @@ export function CommandsPanel({ onRun }: CommandsPanelProps): React.JSX.Element
 
       <Modal
         open={addOpen}
-        title="新增命令"
-        okText="保存"
-        cancelText="取消"
+        title={t('panels.commands.add')}
+        okText={t('common.save')}
+        cancelText={t('common.cancel')}
         okButtonProps={{ disabled: command.trim().length === 0 }}
         onOk={() => void handleSave()}
         onCancel={() => setAddOpen(false)}
@@ -176,23 +183,23 @@ export function CommandsPanel({ onRun }: CommandsPanelProps): React.JSX.Element
       >
         <div className="commands-form">
           <label className="commands-field">
-            <span className="commands-field-label">名称</span>
+            <span className="commands-field-label">{t('panels.commands.name')}</span>
             <input
               className="commands-input"
               type="text"
               value={name}
-              placeholder="(可选)"
+              placeholder={t('panels.commands.optional')}
               spellCheck={false}
               onChange={(e) => setName(e.target.value)}
             />
           </label>
           <label className="commands-field">
-            <span className="commands-field-label">命令</span>
+            <span className="commands-field-label">{t('panels.commands.command')}</span>
             <input
               className="commands-input"
               type="text"
               value={command}
-              placeholder="如 ls -la"
+              placeholder={t('panels.commands.commandPlaceholder')}
               spellCheck={false}
               autoFocus
               onChange={(e) => setCommand(e.target.value)}
@@ -203,12 +210,12 @@ export function CommandsPanel({ onRun }: CommandsPanelProps): React.JSX.Element
             />
           </label>
           <label className="commands-field">
-            <span className="commands-field-label">备注</span>
+            <span className="commands-field-label">{t('panels.commands.note')}</span>
             <input
               className="commands-input"
               type="text"
               value={note}
-              placeholder="(可选)"
+              placeholder={t('panels.commands.optional')}
               spellCheck={false}
               onChange={(e) => setNote(e.target.value)}
             />
@@ -240,9 +247,9 @@ function Row({
       </div>
       {item.name && onDelete && (
         <Popconfirm
-          title="删除该命令？"
-          okText="删除"
-          cancelText="取消"
+          title={t('panels.commands.deleteTitle')}
+          okText={t('common.delete')}
+          cancelText={t('common.cancel')}
           okButtonProps={{ danger: true }}
           onConfirm={onDelete}
         >
@@ -252,7 +259,7 @@ function Row({
             danger
             icon={<DeleteOutlined />}
             className="commands-row-del"
-            aria-label="删除命令"
+            aria-label={t('panels.commands.deleteAria')}
           />
         </Popconfirm>
       )}

src/renderer/src/connections/Common.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type { SshAuthMethod, SshConnection, SshConnectionInput, SshSavedAuthFlags } from '@shared/connections'
+import { t } from '@shared/i18n'
 
 /**
  * Shared helpers for the connection manager UI (connections/**, renderer).
@@ -22,7 +23,11 @@ export function hasSavedKind(kind: SecretKind, savedAuth: SshSavedAuthFlags | un
 }
 
 export function authLabel(kind: SshAuthMethod): string {
-  return kind === 'privateKey' ? '私钥' : kind === 'agent' ? 'Agent' : '密码'
+  return kind === 'privateKey'
+    ? t('ssh.auth.privateKey')
+    : kind === 'agent'
+      ? t('ssh.auth.agent')
+      : t('ssh.auth.password')
 }
 
 export function AuthTags({ auth }: { auth: SshAuthMethod }): React.JSX.Element {

src/renderer/src/connections/ConnectionEditDialog.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
 import { Alert, Button, Form, Input, InputNumber, Modal, Radio, Select } from 'antd'
 import type { SshAuthMethod, SshConnection, SshConnectionInput } from '@shared/connections'
+import { getLanguage, t } from '@shared/i18n'
 import { AuthFieldsRenderer } from './Fields'
 import { buildInput, num, hasSavedKind, type SecretKind } from './Common'
 
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ export function ConnectionEditDialog({
       onSaved()
       onClose()
     } catch (err) {
-      setErrorMsg(err instanceof Error ? err.message : '保存失败，请检查输入后重试')
+      setErrorMsg(err instanceof Error ? err.message : t('ssh.dialog.saveFailed'))
     } finally {
       setSaving(false)
     }
@@ -97,21 +98,24 @@ export function ConnectionEditDialog({
     if (!saving) onClose()
   }
 
+  /** Active language; a dep of the memo below so translated labels refresh. */
+  const language = getLanguage()
+
   const savedNotes = useMemo(() => {
     if (!editing) return []
     const kinds: Array<{ kind: SecretKind; label: string }> = [
-      { kind: 'password', label: '密码' },
-      { kind: 'keyContent', label: '私钥' },
-      { kind: 'passphrase', label: '口令' }
+      { kind: 'password', label: t('ssh.auth.password') },
+      { kind: 'keyContent', label: t('ssh.auth.privateKey') },
+      { kind: 'passphrase', label: t('ssh.secret.passphrase') }
     ]
     const active = auth === 'password' ? ['password'] : auth === 'privateKey' ? ['keyContent', 'passphrase'] : []
     return kinds.filter((k) => active.includes(k.kind) && hasSavedKind(k.kind, editing.savedAuth))
-  }, [editing, auth])
+  }, [editing, auth, language])
 
   return (
     <Modal
       open={open}
-      title={editing ? '编辑连接' : '新建连接'}
+      title={editing ? t('ssh.dialog.titleEdit') : t('ssh.dialog.titleNew')}
       width={520}
       onCancel={handleCancel}
       destroyOnHidden
@@ -119,10 +123,10 @@ export function ConnectionEditDialog({
         <div className="connections-dialog-footer">
           <span className="connections-dialog-error">{errorMsg}</span>
           <Button onClick={onClose} disabled={saving} style={{ marginRight: 8 }}>
-            取消
+            {t('common.cancel')}
           </Button>
           <Button type="primary" loading={saving} onClick={() => void handleSave()}>
-            保存
+            {t('common.save')}
           </Button>
         </div>
       }
@@ -136,17 +140,17 @@ export function ConnectionEditDialog({
       >
         <Form.Item
           name="name"
-          label="名称"
-          rules={[{ required: true, whitespace: true, message: '请输入连接名称' }]}
+          label={t('ssh.dialog.name')}
+          rules={[{ required: true, whitespace: true, message: t('ssh.dialog.nameRequired') }]}
         >
-          <Input placeholder="例如：生产服务器" autoComplete="off" />
+          <Input placeholder={t('ssh.dialog.namePlaceholder')} autoComplete="off" />
         </Form.Item>
 
-        <Form.Item name="group" label="分组">
+        <Form.Item name="group" label={t('ssh.dialog.group')}>
           <Select
             allowClear
             mode="tags"
-            placeholder="选择或输入新分组，留空归入“默认”"
+            placeholder={t('ssh.dialog.groupPlaceholder')}
             options={groupOptions.map((g) => ({ value: g, label: g }))}
             maxCount={1}
           />
@@ -154,33 +158,33 @@ export function ConnectionEditDialog({
 
         <Form.Item
           name="host"
-          label="主机"
-          rules={[{ required: true, whitespace: true, message: '请输入主机地址' }]}
+          label={t('ssh.dialog.host')}
+          rules={[{ required: true, whitespace: true, message: t('ssh.dialog.hostRequired') }]}
         >
-          <Input placeholder="192.168.1.10 或 example.com" autoComplete="off" />
+          <Input placeholder={t('ssh.dialog.hostPlaceholder')} autoComplete="off" />
         </Form.Item>
 
         <Form.Item
           name="port"
-          label="端口"
-          rules={[{ type: 'number', min: 1, max: 65535, message: '端口需在 1–65535 之间' }]}
+          label={t('ssh.dialog.port')}
+          rules={[{ type: 'number', min: 1, max: 65535, message: t('ssh.dialog.portRange') }]}
         >
           <InputNumber className="connections-port-input" min={1} max={65535} placeholder="22" />
         </Form.Item>
 
         <Form.Item
           name="username"
-          label="用户名"
-          rules={[{ required: true, whitespace: true, message: '请输入用户名' }]}
+          label={t('ssh.dialog.username')}
+          rules={[{ required: true, whitespace: true, message: t('ssh.dialog.usernameRequired') }]}
         >
           <Input placeholder="root" autoComplete="off" />
         </Form.Item>
 
-        <Form.Item name="auth" label="认证方式">
+        <Form.Item name="auth" label={t('ssh.dialog.authMethod')}>
           <Radio.Group onChange={(e) => setAuth(e.target.value as SshAuthMethod)}>
-            <Radio value="password">密码</Radio>
-            <Radio value="privateKey">私钥</Radio>
-            <Radio value="agent">Agent</Radio>
+            <Radio value="password">{t('ssh.auth.password')}</Radio>
+            <Radio value="privateKey">{t('ssh.auth.privateKey')}</Radio>
+            <Radio value="agent">{t('ssh.auth.agent')}</Radio>
           </Radio.Group>
         </Form.Item>
 
@@ -191,7 +195,7 @@ export function ConnectionEditDialog({
               type="info"
               showIcon
               className="connections-secret-note"
-              message={`已保存${n.label}，留空将保留原值`}
+              message={t('ssh.dialog.savedSecret', { kind: n.label })}
             />
           ))}
 
@@ -199,9 +203,9 @@ export function ConnectionEditDialog({
 
         <Form.Item
           name="keepaliveIntervalSec"
-          label="Keepalive 间隔（秒）"
-          tooltip="0 表示关闭 keepalive"
-          rules={[{ type: 'number', min: 0, message: '不能为负数' }]}
+          label={t('ssh.dialog.keepalive')}
+          tooltip={t('ssh.dialog.keepaliveTooltip')}
+          rules={[{ type: 'number', min: 0, message: t('ssh.dialog.keepaliveMin') }]}
         >
           <InputNumber className="connections-keepalive-input" min={0} placeholder="30" />
         </Form.Item>

src/renderer/src/connections/ConnectionSidebar.tsx

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { forwardRef, useEffect, useImperativeHandle, useMemo, useState } from 'r
 import { Button, Collapse, Popconfirm, Tooltip } from 'antd'
 import { DeleteOutlined, EditOutlined, PlusOutlined } from '@ant-design/icons'
 import type { SshConnection } from '@shared/connections'
+import { t } from '@shared/i18n'
 import { AuthTags } from './Common'
 import { ConnectionEditDialog } from './ConnectionEditDialog'
 import { CommandsPanel } from '../commands/CommandsPanel'
@@ -28,18 +29,16 @@ export interface ConnectionSidebarHandle {
   refresh: () => Promise<void>
 }
 
-const DEFAULT_GROUP = '默认'
-
 /** Short human "time ago" for the recent-session rows. */
 function formatRelativeTime(ts: number): string {
   const diffSec = Math.max(0, Math.floor((Date.now() - ts) / 1000))
-  if (diffSec < 60) return '刚刚'
+  if (diffSec < 60) return t('ssh.sidebar.timeJustNow')
   const mins = Math.floor(diffSec / 60)
-  if (mins < 60) return `${mins} 分钟前`
+  if (mins < 60) return t('ssh.sidebar.timeMinutesAgo', { n: mins })
   const hours = Math.floor(mins / 60)
-  if (hours < 24) return `${hours} 小时前`
+  if (hours < 24) return t('ssh.sidebar.timeHoursAgo', { n: hours })
   const days = Math.floor(hours / 24)
-  if (days < 30) return `${days} 天前`
+  if (days < 30) return t('ssh.sidebar.timeDaysAgo', { n: days })
   return new Date(ts).toLocaleDateString()
 }
 
@@ -87,27 +86,28 @@ export const ConnectionSidebar = forwardRef<ConnectionSidebarHandle, ConnectionS
     }, [])
 
     // Fold every group open whenever the dataset changes.
+    const defaultGroup = t('ssh.sidebar.defaultGroup')
     const activeGroups = useMemo(() => {
       const groups = new Set<string>()
-      for (const c of connections) groups.add(c.group ?? DEFAULT_GROUP)
+      for (const c of connections) groups.add(c.group ?? defaultGroup)
       return [...groups]
-    }, [connections])
+    }, [connections, defaultGroup])
 
     const groups = useMemo(() => {
       const map = new Map<string, SshConnection[]>()
       for (const c of connections) {
-        const key = c.group ?? DEFAULT_GROUP
+        const key = c.group ?? defaultGroup
         const list = map.get(key)
         if (list) list.push(c)
         else map.set(key, [c])
       }
       const entries = [...map.entries()].sort((a, b) => {
-        if (a[0] === DEFAULT_GROUP) return -1
-        if (b[0] === DEFAULT_GROUP) return 1
+        if (a[0] === defaultGroup) return -1
+        if (b[0] === defaultGroup) return 1
         return a[0].localeCompare(b[0])
       })
       return entries.map(([group, list]) => ({ group, list }))
-    }, [connections])
+    }, [connections, defaultGroup])
 
     const openCreate = (): void => {
       setEditing(null)
@@ -163,16 +163,16 @@ export const ConnectionSidebar = forwardRef<ConnectionSidebarHandle, ConnectionS
     return (
       <aside className={className ?? 'connections-sidebar'}>
         <div className="connections-mode-title">
-          {isTerminal ? '终端工作区' : 'SSH 工作区'}
+          {isTerminal ? t('ssh.sidebar.modeTerminal') : t('ssh.sidebar.modeSsh')}
         </div>
         <div className="connections-header">
-          <span className="connections-title">连接</span>
+          <span className="connections-title">{t('ssh.sidebar.title')}</span>
           <Button
             type="text"
             size="small"
             icon={<PlusOutlined />}
             onClick={openCreate}
-            aria-label="新建连接"
+            aria-label={t('ssh.sidebar.newConnection')}
           />
         </div>
 
@@ -180,11 +180,11 @@ export const ConnectionSidebar = forwardRef<ConnectionSidebarHandle, ConnectionS
         {isTerminal && (
         <section className="connections-section">
           <div className="connections-section-head">
-            <span className="connections-section-title">终端</span>
+            <span className="connections-section-title">{t('ssh.sidebar.sectionTerminals')}</span>
             <span className="connections-section-count">{localPanels.length}</span>
           </div>
           {localPanels.length === 0 ? (
-            <div className="connections-section-empty">无打开的本地终端</div>
+            <div className="connections-section-empty">{t('ssh.sidebar.noLocalTerminals')}</div>
           ) : (
             <ul className="connections-local-list">
               {localPanels.map((panel) => (
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ export const ConnectionSidebar = forwardRef<ConnectionSidebarHandle, ConnectionS
                   title={panel.title}
                 >
                   <span className="connections-local-name">{panel.title}</span>
-                  <span className="connections-local-tag">本地</span>
+                  <span className="connections-local-tag">{t('ssh.sidebar.local')}</span>
                 </li>
               ))}
             </ul>
@@ -206,16 +206,16 @@ export const ConnectionSidebar = forwardRef<ConnectionSidebarHandle, ConnectionS
         {!isTerminal && (
         <section className="connections-section">
           <div className="connections-section-head">
-            <span className="connections-section-title">SSH 服务器</span>
+            <span className="connections-section-title">{t('ssh.sidebar.sectionServers')}</span>
           </div>
           {connections.length === 0 ? (
             <div className="connections-empty">
               {loaded ? (
                 <button type="button" className="connections-empty-create" onClick={openCreate}>
-                  暂无连接，点击＋新建
+                  {t('ssh.sidebar.empty')}
                 </button>
               ) : (
-                <span>加载中…</span>
+                <span>{t('ssh.sidebar.loading')}</span>
               )}
             </div>
           ) : (
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ export const ConnectionSidebar = forwardRef<ConnectionSidebarHandle, ConnectionS
           {recent.length > 0 && (
             <div className="connections-recent">
               <div className="connections-recent-head">
-                <span className="connections-recent-title">最近会话</span>
+                <span className="connections-recent-title">{t('ssh.sidebar.recent')}</span>
               </div>
               {recent.map((conn) => (
                 <button
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ export const ConnectionSidebar = forwardRef<ConnectionSidebarHandle, ConnectionS
         {isTerminal && (
         <section className="connections-section commands-sidebar-section">
           <div className="connections-section-head">
-            <span className="connections-section-title">命令</span>
+            <span className="connections-section-title">{t('panels.commands.sectionTitle')}</span>
           </div>
           <CommandsPanel onRun={onRunCommand ?? ((): void => undefined)} />
         </section>
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ function Row({
       <div className="connections-row-main">
         <div className="connections-row-name">
           <span className="connections-row-label">{conn.name}</span>
-          <Tooltip title={conn.host === conn.host ? `双击连接 ${conn.host}` : undefined}>
+          <Tooltip title={conn.host === conn.host ? t('ssh.sidebar.dblClickConnect', { host: conn.host }) : undefined}>
             <AuthTags auth={conn.auth} />
           </Tooltip>
         </div>
@@ -300,19 +300,19 @@ function Row({
         </div>
       </div>
       <div className="connections-row-actions">
-        <Button type="text" size="small" icon={<EditOutlined />} onClick={onEdit} aria-label="编辑" />
+        <Button type="text" size="small" icon={<EditOutlined />} onClick={onEdit} aria-label={t('common.edit')} />
         <Popconfirm
-          title="删除该连接？"
-          description="连接配置删除后不可恢复。已保存的密钥数据会同步删除。"
-          okText="删除"
-          cancelText="取消"
+          title={t('ssh.sidebar.deleteTitle')}
+          description={t('ssh.sidebar.deleteDesc')}
+          okText={t('common.delete')}
+          cancelText={t('common.cancel')}
           okButtonProps={{ danger: true }}
           open={confirming}
           onConfirm={onDelete}
           onOpenChange={(visible) => setConfirming(visible)}
           onCancel={() => setConfirming(false)}
         >
-          <Button size="small" type="text" danger icon={<DeleteOutlined />} aria-label="删除" />
+          <Button size="small" type="text" danger icon={<DeleteOutlined />} aria-label={t('common.delete')} />
         </Popconfirm>
       </div>
     </div>

src/renderer/src/connections/Fields.tsx

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { Form, Input, Switch } from 'antd'
 import useFormInstance from 'antd/es/form/hooks/useFormInstance'
 import { useWatch } from 'antd/es/form/Form'
 import type { SshAuthMethod } from '@shared/connections'
+import { t } from '@shared/i18n'
 
 /**
  * Auth-method dependent fields rendered inside the edit dialog's <Form>.
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ export function AuthFieldsRenderer({ auth }: { auth: SshAuthMethod }): React.JSX
   const askPassphraseAtConnect = useWatch('askPassphraseAtConnect', form) ?? false
 
   if (auth === 'agent') {
-    return <div className="connections-auth-desc">使用本机 SSH Agent 中已加载的密钥进行认证，无需在本应用内保存任何密钥。</div>
+    return <div className="connections-auth-desc">{t('ssh.fields.agentDesc')}</div>
   }
 
   return (
@@ -25,36 +26,36 @@ export function AuthFieldsRenderer({ auth }: { auth: SshAuthMethod }): React.JSX
         <>
           <SwitchRow
             name="askPasswordAtConnect"
-            label="连接时询问密码"
-            hint="开启后每次连接弹出对话框输入密码，不再使用已保存的密码"
+            label={t('ssh.fields.askPasswordLabel')}
+            hint={t('ssh.fields.askPasswordHint')}
           />
           {!askPasswordAtConnect && (
-            <Form.Item name="password" label="密码" className="connections-secret-item">
-              <Input.Password placeholder="编辑时留空表示保留已保存的密码" autoComplete="off" />
+            <Form.Item name="password" label={t('ssh.auth.password')} className="connections-secret-item">
+              <Input.Password placeholder={t('ssh.fields.passwordPlaceholder')} autoComplete="off" />
             </Form.Item>
           )}
         </>
       ) : (
         <>
-          <Form.Item name="keyPath" label="私钥路径（服务器上的本地私钥路径，可留空）">
+          <Form.Item name="keyPath" label={t('ssh.fields.keyPath')}>
             <Input placeholder="/home/me/.ssh/id_rsa" autoComplete="off" />
           </Form.Item>
-          <Form.Item name="keyContent" label="私钥内容">
+          <Form.Item name="keyContent" label={t('ssh.fields.keyContent')}>
             <Input.TextArea
               rows={4}
-              placeholder="粘贴私钥内容；留空则使用上面的路径（编辑时留空表示保留已保存的私钥）"
+              placeholder={t('ssh.fields.keyContentPlaceholder')}
               autoComplete="off"
               spellCheck={false}
             />
           </Form.Item>
           <SwitchRow
             name="askPassphraseAtConnect"
-            label="连接时询问口令"
-            hint="开启后每次连接提示输入私钥口令"
+            label={t('ssh.fields.askPassphraseLabel')}
+            hint={t('ssh.fields.askPassphraseHint')}
           />
           {!askPassphraseAtConnect && (
-            <Form.Item name="passphrase" label="私钥口令" className="connections-secret-item">
-              <Input.Password placeholder="编辑时留空表示保留已保存的口令" autoComplete="off" />
+            <Form.Item name="passphrase" label={t('ssh.fields.passphrase')} className="connections-secret-item">
+              <Input.Password placeholder={t('ssh.fields.passphrasePlaceholder')} autoComplete="off" />
             </Form.Item>
           )}
         </>

src/renderer/src/monitor/MonitorPanel.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
 import type { SysinfoMeta, SysinfoSample } from '@shared/sysinfo'
+import { t } from '@shared/i18n'
 import './monitor.css'
 
 export interface MonitorPanelProps {
@@ -106,12 +107,12 @@ function formatSize(mb: number): string {
 /** human-readable uptime */
 function humanizeUptime(sec: number): string {
   const s = Math.floor(sec)
-  if (s < 60) return `${s}秒`
+  if (s < 60) return t('ssh.monitor.uptimeSeconds', { n: s })
   const mins = Math.floor(s / 60)
-  if (s < 3600) return `${mins}分钟`
+  if (s < 3600) return t('ssh.monitor.uptimeMinutes', { n: mins })
   const hours = Math.floor(s / 3600)
-  if (s < 86400) return `${hours}小时${Math.floor((s % 3600) / 60)}分`
-  return `${Math.floor(s / 86400)}天`
+  if (s < 86400) return t('ssh.monitor.uptimeHours', { h: hours, m: Math.floor((s % 3600) / 60) })
+  return t('ssh.monitor.uptimeDays', { n: Math.floor(s / 86400) })
 }
 
 function Bar({ pct, color }: { pct: number; color: string }) {
@@ -166,7 +167,7 @@ export function MonitorPanel({ sessionId }: MonitorPanelProps): React.JSX.Elemen
     return (
       <div className="mm-root mm-empty">
         <span className="mm-dots"><span /> <span /> <span /></span>
-        采集中…
+        {t('ssh.monitor.collecting')}
       </div>
     )
   }
@@ -180,7 +181,9 @@ export function MonitorPanel({ sessionId }: MonitorPanelProps): React.JSX.Elemen
 
   return (
     <div className={`mm-root${failed ? ' mm-failed' : ''}`}>
-      {failed && <div className="mm-error">采集中断：{sample.error}</div>}
+      {failed && (
+        <div className="mm-error">{t('ssh.monitor.interrupted', { error: sample.error ?? '' })}</div>
+      )}
 
       <header className="mm-header">
         <span className="mm-host">{meta.hostname || 'unknown'}</span>
@@ -191,19 +194,19 @@ export function MonitorPanel({ sessionId }: MonitorPanelProps): React.JSX.Elemen
         <div className="mm-block-row">
           <span className="mm-label">CPU</span>
           <span className="mm-value" style={{ color: cpuColor(cpu.usage) }}>
-            {cpu.usage.toFixed(0)}%<span className="mm-value-sub"> · {cpu.cores} 核</span>
+            {cpu.usage.toFixed(0)}%<span className="mm-value-sub"> · {t('ssh.monitor.cores', { n: cpu.cores })}</span>
           </span>
         </div>
         <Bar pct={cpu.usage} color={cpuColor(cpu.usage)} />
         <div className="mm-sub mm-load">
-          负载 {cpu.loadavg.map((v) => v.toFixed(1)).join(' / ')}
+          {t('ssh.monitor.loadavg', { value: cpu.loadavg.map((v) => v.toFixed(1)).join(' / ') })}
         </div>
         <HistoryChart data={cpuHist} lineColor="#3fb950" fillColor="rgba(63,185,80,0.15)" height={48} maxY={100} />
       </section>
 
-      <section className="mm-block" aria-label="内存">
+      <section className="mm-block" aria-label={t('ssh.monitor.mem')}>
         <div className="mm-block-row">
-          <span className="mm-label">内存</span>
+          <span className="mm-label">{t('ssh.monitor.mem')}</span>
           <span className="mm-mem-size">
             {formatSize(mem.usedMb)} / {formatSize(mem.totalMb)}
           </span>
@@ -217,9 +220,9 @@ export function MonitorPanel({ sessionId }: MonitorPanelProps): React.JSX.Elemen
       </section>
 
       {disks.length > 0 && (
-        <section className="mm-block" aria-label="磁盘">
+        <section className="mm-block" aria-label={t('ssh.monitor.disks')}>
           <div className="mm-block-row">
-            <span className="mm-label">磁盘</span>
+            <span className="mm-label">{t('ssh.monitor.disks')}</span>
           </div>
           <div className="mm-disks">
             {disks.slice(0, 6).map((d) => {
@@ -242,9 +245,9 @@ export function MonitorPanel({ sessionId }: MonitorPanelProps): React.JSX.Elemen
         </section>
       )}
 
-      <section className="mm-block" aria-label="网络">
+      <section className="mm-block" aria-label={t('ssh.monitor.net')}>
         <div className="mm-block-row">
-          <span className="mm-label">网络</span>
+          <span className="mm-label">{t('ssh.monitor.net')}</span>
           <div className="mm-net">
             <span className="mm-net-item mm-rx">
               <span className="mm-arrow mm-up">↓</span>
@@ -265,7 +268,7 @@ export function MonitorPanel({ sessionId }: MonitorPanelProps): React.JSX.Elemen
       </section>
 
       <footer className="mm-footer">
-        运行时间 <span className="mm-uptime">{humanizeUptime(sample.uptimeSec)}</span>
+        {t('ssh.monitor.uptime')} <span className="mm-uptime">{humanizeUptime(sample.uptimeSec)}</span>
       </footer>
     </div>
   )

src/renderer/src/settings/AboutTab.tsx

@@ -1,55 +1,84 @@
 import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
 import { Button, Progress, Select, Switch, Tag } from 'antd'
+import { DEFAULT_LANGUAGE, t, type Language } from '@shared/i18n'
 import type { AppInfo, ReleaseNote, UpdateState, UpdateStatus } from '@shared/ipc'
 import { useSettingsStore } from './store'
 import appIconUrl from '../../../../build/icon.png'
-import changelogMd from '../../../../CHANGELOG.md?raw'
+import changelogZhCN from '../../../../CHANGELOG.md?raw'
+import changelogZhTW from '../../../../CHANGELOG.zh-TW.md?raw'
+import changelogEn from '../../../../CHANGELOG.en.md?raw'
+import changelogJa from '../../../../CHANGELOG.ja.md?raw'
 
-const STATUS_TEXT: Record<UpdateStatus, string> = {
-  idle: '点击检查更新',
-  checking: '正在检查更新…',
-  available: '发现新版本',
-  latest: '已经是最新版本',
-  downloading: '正在下载…',
-  downloaded: '下载完成，可重启安装',
-  error: '检查失败',
-  dev: '开发模式不支持更新检查'
+/** Bundled changelog per language; zh-CN is the canonical source. */
+const CHANGELOGS: Record<Language, string> = {
+  'zh-CN': changelogZhCN,
+  'zh-TW': changelogZhTW,
+  en: changelogEn,
+  ja: changelogJa
 }
 
-/** Parse the bundled CHANGELOG.md into release notes. Sections look like
- *  `## v1.0.12 - 2026-09-20`; the body below the heading is kept verbatim. */
-function parseChangelog(md: string): ReleaseNote[] {
-  const notes: ReleaseNote[] = []
+const STATUS_TEXT: Record<UpdateStatus, string> = {
+  idle: 'settings.about.statusIdle',
+  checking: 'settings.about.statusChecking',
+  available: 'settings.about.statusAvailable',
+  latest: 'settings.about.statusLatest',
+  downloading: 'settings.about.statusDownloading',
+  downloaded: 'settings.about.statusDownloaded',
+  error: 'settings.about.statusError',
+  dev: 'settings.about.statusDev'
+}
+
+/** Parse a bundled changelog into release notes, keyed by version. Sections
+ *  look like `## v1.0.12 - 2026-09-20`; the body below is kept verbatim. */
+function parseChangelog(md: string): Map<string, ReleaseNote> {
+  const notes = new Map<string, ReleaseNote>()
   for (const section of md.split(/^## /m).slice(1)) {
     const lineEnd = section.indexOf('\n')
     if (lineEnd < 0) continue
     const head = section.slice(0, lineEnd).trim()
     const m = /^(v[\d.]+)\s*-\s*(\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2})/.exec(head)
     const body = section.slice(lineEnd + 1).trim()
-    if (m && body) notes.push({ version: m[1], date: m[2], body })
+    if (m && body) notes.set(m[1], { version: m[1], date: m[2], body })
   }
   return notes
 }
 
-/** 关于页：版本信息 + 更新检查/下载/安装 + 更新日志（内置 CHANGELOG 优先，网络兜底）。 */
+/** Notes for `language`, newest first, falling back to zh-CN per version so a
+ *  missing translation shows the canonical text instead of a gap. */
+function notesFor(language: Language): ReleaseNote[] {
+  const primary = parseChangelog(CHANGELOGS[language])
+  const fallback = language === DEFAULT_LANGUAGE ? primary : parseChangelog(CHANGELOGS[DEFAULT_LANGUAGE])
+  const versions = new Set([...primary.keys(), ...fallback.keys()])
+  return [...versions]
+    .map((v) => primary.get(v) ?? fallback.get(v))
+    .filter((n): n is ReleaseNote => n !== undefined)
+    .sort((a, b) => b.version.localeCompare(a.version, undefined, { numeric: true }))
+}
+
+/** 关于页：版本信息 + 更新检查/下载/安装 + 更新日志（内置多语言 CHANGELOG 优先，网络兜底）。 */
 export function AboutTab(): React.JSX.Element {
   const [version, setVersion] = useState('')
   const [state, setState] = useState<UpdateState | null>(null)
   const [notes, setNotes] = useState<ReleaseNote[]>([])
   const updateSystem = useSettingsStore((s) => s.updateSystem)
   const autoCheck = useSettingsStore((s) => s.settings.system.autoCheckUpdate !== false)
+  const language = useSettingsStore((s) => s.settings.system.language ?? DEFAULT_LANGUAGE)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    // Embedded changelog first (works offline, follows the UI language);
+    // network sources as fallback.
+    const local = notesFor(language)
+    if (local.length > 0) setNotes(local)
+    else void window.api.updateChangelog().then(setNotes).catch(() => undefined)
+  }, [language])
 
   useEffect(() => {
     void window.api.appInfo().then((i: AppInfo) => setVersion(i.appVersion))
-    // Embedded changelog first (works offline); network sources as fallback.
-    const local = parseChangelog(changelogMd)
-    if (local.length > 0) setNotes(local)
-    else void window.api.updateChangelog().then(setNotes).catch(() => undefined)
     return window.api.onUpdateState(setState)
   }, [])
 
   const status = state?.status ?? 'idle'
-  const statusText = STATUS_TEXT[status] + (state?.version ? ` v${state.version}` : '')
+  const statusText = t(STATUS_TEXT[status]) + (state?.version ? ` v${state.version}` : '')
 
   return (
     <div className="about-tab">
@@ -58,7 +87,7 @@ export function AboutTab(): React.JSX.Element {
         <div>
           <div className="about-name">OpenTerminal</div>
           <div className="about-version">
-            当前版本: {version || '…'}{' '}
+            {t('settings.about.currentVersion')}: {version || '…'}{' '}
             <span className={'about-status' + (status === 'available' ? ' is-new' : '')}>
               {statusText}
             </span>
@@ -70,7 +99,7 @@ export function AboutTab(): React.JSX.Element {
       <div className="about-controls">
         <Select
           value="stable"
-          options={[{ value: 'stable', label: '稳定更新通道' }]}
+          options={[{ value: 'stable', label: t('settings.about.channelStable') }]}
           style={{ width: 150 }}
         />
         <label className="about-autocheck">
@@ -79,26 +108,27 @@ export function AboutTab(): React.JSX.Element {
             checked={autoCheck}
             onChange={(checked) => void updateSystem({ autoCheckUpdate: checked })}
           />
-          启动时自动检查
+          {t('settings.about.autoCheck')}
         </label>
         {status === 'available' && (
           <Button type="primary" onClick={() => void window.api.updateDownload()}>
-            下载更新{state?.feed === 'github' ? '（GitHub 源）' : ''}
+            {t('settings.about.download')}
+            {state?.feed === 'github' ? t('settings.about.downloadGithub') : ''}
           </Button>
         )}
         {status === 'downloaded' && (
           <Button type="primary" onClick={() => void window.api.updateInstall()}>
-            重启安装
+            {t('settings.about.install')}
           </Button>
         )}
         {(status === 'idle' || status === 'latest' || status === 'error') && (
           <Button type="primary" onClick={() => void window.api.updateCheck()}>
-            检查更新
+            {t('settings.about.check')}
           </Button>
         )}
         {status === 'checking' && (
           <Button type="primary" loading disabled>
-            检查中
+            {t('settings.about.checkingButton')}
           </Button>
         )}
       </div>
@@ -108,8 +138,10 @@ export function AboutTab(): React.JSX.Element {
       )}
 
       <div className="about-changelog">
-        <div className="about-changelog-title">更新日志</div>
-        {notes.length === 0 && <div className="about-changelog-empty">暂无更新日志</div>}
+        <div className="about-changelog-title">{t('settings.about.changelog')}</div>
+        {notes.length === 0 && (
+          <div className="about-changelog-empty">{t('settings.about.changelogEmpty')}</div>
+        )}
         {notes.map((n) => (
           <div key={n.version} className="about-release">
             <div className="about-release-head">

src/renderer/src/settings/HighlightTab.tsx

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import {
   Tooltip
 } from 'antd'
 import type { ColumnsType } from 'antd/es/table'
+import { t } from '@shared/i18n'
 import { DEFAULT_HIGHLIGHT_RULES } from '@shared/settings'
 import type { HighlightRule } from '@shared/settings'
 import { useSettingsStore } from './store'
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ function tryCompile(pattern: string): { ok: boolean; message?: string } {
     new RegExp(pattern)
     return { ok: true }
   } catch (err) {
-    return { ok: false, message: err instanceof Error ? err.message : '正则表达式无效' }
+    return { ok: false, message: err instanceof Error ? err.message : t('settings.highlight.invalidRegex') }
   }
 }
 
@@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ export function HighlightTab(): React.JSX.Element {
 
   const columns: ColumnsType<HighlightRule> = [
     {
-      title: '启用',
+      title: t('settings.highlight.enabled'),
       dataIndex: 'enabled',
       width: 64,
       align: 'center',
@@ -92,13 +93,13 @@ export function HighlightTab(): React.JSX.Element {
       )
     },
     {
-      title: '正则',
+      title: t('settings.highlight.pattern'),
       dataIndex: 'pattern',
       ellipsis: true,
       render: (pattern: string) => <PatternCell pattern={pattern} />
     },
     {
-      title: '优先级',
+      title: t('settings.highlight.priority'),
       dataIndex: 'priority',
       width: 76,
       align: 'center',
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ export function HighlightTab(): React.JSX.Element {
       render: (priority: number) => <span className="hl-cell-priority">{priority}</span>
     },
     {
-      title: '预览',
+      title: t('settings.preview'),
       dataIndex: 'color',
       width: 120,
       align: 'center',
@@ -124,32 +125,32 @@ export function HighlightTab(): React.JSX.Element {
       )
     },
     {
-      title: '备注',
+      title: t('settings.highlight.note'),
       dataIndex: 'note',
       ellipsis: true,
       render: (note: string | undefined) =>
         note ? <span className="hl-cell-note">{note}</span> : <span className="hl-cell-empty">—</span>
     },
     {
-      title: '操作',
+      title: t('settings.highlight.actions'),
       key: 'action',
       width: 120,
       align: 'center',
       render: (_, record) => (
         <div className="hl-actions">
           <Button size="small" onClick={() => openEdit(record)}>
-            编辑
+            {t('common.edit')}
           </Button>
           <Popconfirm
-            title="删除高亮规则"
-            description="删除后无法恢复，确定继续？"
-            okText="删除"
-            cancelText="取消"
+            title={t('settings.highlight.deleteTitle')}
+            description={t('settings.deleteConfirmDesc')}
+            okText={t('common.delete')}
+            cancelText={t('common.cancel')}
             okButtonProps={{ danger: true }}
             onConfirm={() => void handleDelete(record.id)}
           >
             <Button size="small" danger>
-              删除
+              {t('common.delete')}
             </Button>
           </Popconfirm>
         </div>
@@ -163,20 +164,20 @@ export function HighlightTab(): React.JSX.Element {
         type="info"
         showIcon
         closable
-        message="自定义高亮可增强显示效果，但会略微增加性能消耗。规则按优先级顺序应用。PS: 高亮在写入终端时注入颜色，对已有回滚内容不生效"
+        message={t('settings.highlight.alert')}
       />
       <div className="hl-toolbar">
         <Popconfirm
-          title="恢复默认高亮规则"
-          description="将替换当前全部规则为内置预设，不可恢复。"
-          okText="恢复"
-          cancelText="取消"
+          title={t('settings.highlight.resetTitle')}
+          description={t('settings.highlight.resetDesc')}
+          okText={t('settings.highlight.resetOk')}
+          cancelText={t('common.cancel')}
           onConfirm={() => void handleReset()}
         >
-          <Button>恢复默认</Button>
+          <Button>{t('common.reset')}</Button>
         </Popconfirm>
         <Button type="primary" onClick={openCreate}>
-          + 新增规则
+          {t('settings.highlight.addRule')}
         </Button>
       </div>
       <div className="hl-table">
@@ -186,7 +187,7 @@ export function HighlightTab(): React.JSX.Element {
           columns={columns}
           dataSource={sorted}
           pagination={false}
-          locale={{ emptyText: '暂无高亮规则，点击「+ 新增规则」创建' }}
+          locale={{ emptyText: t('settings.highlight.empty') }}
         />
       </div>
       <HighlightEditor
@@ -307,22 +308,22 @@ function HighlightEditor({
       open={open}
       onCancel={onClose}
       onOk={() => void handleSave()}
-      okText="保存"
-      cancelText="取消"
+      okText={t('common.save')}
+      cancelText={t('common.cancel')}
       confirmLoading={saving}
       destroyOnHidden
       width={560}
-      title={isCreate ? '新建高亮规则' : '编辑高亮规则'}
+      title={isCreate ? t('settings.highlight.createTitle') : t('settings.highlight.editTitle')}
       okButtonProps={{ disabled: !valid }}
     >
       <div className="hl-editor">
         <div className="hl-editor-row">
-          <span className="hl-editor-label">正则</span>
+          <span className="hl-editor-label">{t('settings.highlight.pattern')}</span>
           <div className="hl-editor-control">
             <Input.TextArea
               value={draft.pattern}
               onChange={(e) => patch({ pattern: e.target.value })}
-              placeholder="例如 \b(ERROR|FAILED)\b"
+              placeholder={t('settings.highlight.patternPlaceholder')}
               autoSize={{ minRows: 1, maxRows: 4 }}
               className={compile.ok ? undefined : 'hl-editor-input-bad'}
             />
@@ -333,7 +334,7 @@ function HighlightEditor({
         </div>
 
         <div className="hl-editor-row">
-          <span className="hl-editor-label">优先级</span>
+          <span className="hl-editor-label">{t('settings.highlight.priority')}</span>
           <InputNumber
             min={1}
             max={100}
@@ -342,19 +343,19 @@ function HighlightEditor({
               if (v !== null) patch({ priority: v })
             }}
           />
-          <span className="hl-editor-hint">值越小越先应用</span>
+          <span className="hl-editor-hint">{t('settings.highlight.priorityHint')}</span>
         </div>
 
         <div className="hl-editor-row">
-          <span className="hl-editor-label">颜色</span>
+          <span className="hl-editor-label">{t('settings.highlight.color')}</span>
           <div className="hl-editor-control">
             <ColorField
-              label="前景"
+              label={t('settings.color.foreground')}
               value={draft.fg}
               onChange={(v) => patch({ fg: v })}
             />
             <div className="hl-editor-inline">
-              <span className="hl-editor-sub-label">背景</span>
+              <span className="hl-editor-sub-label">{t('settings.color.background')}</span>
               {showBg ? (
                 <>
                   <ColorField
@@ -362,12 +363,12 @@ function HighlightEditor({
                     onChange={(v) => patch({ bg: v })}
                   />
                   <Button size="small" onClick={() => patch({ bg: undefined })}>
-                    清空
+                    {t('settings.highlight.clearBg')}
                   </Button>
                 </>
               ) : (
                 <Button size="small" onClick={() => setShowBg(true)}>
-                  添加
+                  {t('settings.highlight.addBg')}
                 </Button>
               )}
             </div>
@@ -375,9 +376,9 @@ function HighlightEditor({
         </div>
 
         <div className="hl-editor-row">
-          <span className="hl-editor-label">色板</span>
+          <span className="hl-editor-label">{t('settings.highlight.palette')}</span>
           <div className="hl-palette">
-            {showBg && <span className="hl-palette-tag">背景</span>}
+            {showBg && <span className="hl-palette-tag">{t('settings.color.background')}</span>}
             {PRESET_COLORS.map((c) => (
               <PaletteSwatch
                 key={c}
@@ -390,17 +391,17 @@ function HighlightEditor({
         </div>
 
         <div className="hl-editor-row">
-          <span className="hl-editor-label">备注</span>
+          <span className="hl-editor-label">{t('settings.highlight.note')}</span>
           <Input
             value={draft.note ?? ''}
             onChange={(e) => patch({ note: e.target.value })}
-            placeholder="规则说明（可选）"
+            placeholder={t('settings.highlight.notePlaceholder')}
             maxLength={60}
           />
         </div>
 
         <div className="hl-editor-row">
-          <span className="hl-editor-label">启用</span>
+          <span className="hl-editor-label">{t('settings.highlight.enabled')}</span>
           <Switch checked={draft.enabled} onChange={(c) => patch({ enabled: c })} />
         </div>
       </div>

src/renderer/src/settings/SettingsDialog.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
 import { Button, Modal, Tabs } from 'antd'
 import type { TabsProps } from 'antd'
+import { t } from '@shared/i18n'
 import { DEFAULT_SETTINGS } from '@shared/settings'
 import { useSettingsStore } from './store'
 import { CursorSettingsTab, FontSettingsTab, RenderSettingsTab, SystemSettingsTab } from './SettingsTabs'
@@ -69,13 +70,13 @@ export function SettingsDialog({ open, onClose }: SettingsDialogProps): React.JS
   }
 
   const tabItems: TabsProps['items'] = [
-    { key: 'font', label: '字体', children: <FontSettingsTab /> },
-    { key: 'cursor', label: '光标与滚动', children: <CursorSettingsTab /> },
-    { key: 'render', label: '渲染与行为', children: <RenderSettingsTab /> },
-    { key: 'highlight', label: '高亮', children: <HighlightTab /> },
+    { key: 'font', label: t('settings.tabs.font'), children: <FontSettingsTab /> },
+    { key: 'cursor', label: t('settings.tabs.cursor'), children: <CursorSettingsTab /> },
+    { key: 'render', label: t('settings.tabs.render'), children: <RenderSettingsTab /> },
+    { key: 'highlight', label: t('settings.tabs.highlight'), children: <HighlightTab /> },
     {
       key: 'theme',
-      label: '主题',
+      label: t('settings.tabs.theme'),
       children: (
         <ThemeSettingsTab
           onEditTheme={(themeId) => setEditorState({ open: true, themeId })}
@@ -83,8 +84,8 @@ export function SettingsDialog({ open, onClose }: SettingsDialogProps): React.JS
         />
       )
     },
-    { key: 'system', label: '系统', children: <SystemSettingsTab /> },
-    { key: 'about', label: '关于', children: <AboutTab /> }
+    { key: 'system', label: t('settings.tabs.system'), children: <SystemSettingsTab /> },
+    { key: 'about', label: t('settings.tabs.about'), children: <AboutTab /> }
   ]
 
   const closeEditor = (): void => setEditorState((prev) => (prev.open ? { ...prev, open: false } : prev))
@@ -99,12 +100,12 @@ export function SettingsDialog({ open, onClose }: SettingsDialogProps): React.JS
       onCancel={onClose}
       centered
       width={dialogSize.w}
-      title="设置"
+      title={t('settings.title')}
       footer={
         <div className="settings-footer">
-          <Button onClick={handleResetDefaults}>恢复默认</Button>
+          <Button onClick={handleResetDefaults}>{t('common.reset')}</Button>
           <Button type="primary" onClick={onClose}>
-            关闭
+            {t('common.close')}
           </Button>
         </div>
       }
@@ -115,8 +116,8 @@ export function SettingsDialog({ open, onClose }: SettingsDialogProps): React.JS
       {/* Drag corner: resizes the dialog until it is closed. */}
       <span
         className="settings-resize"
-        title="拖拽调整大小"
-        aria-label="拖拽调整大小"
+        title={t('settings.resizeHandle')}
+        aria-label={t('settings.resizeHandle')}
         onMouseDown={startResize}
       />
       <ThemeEditor

src/renderer/src/settings/SettingsTabs.tsx

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
 import { useMemo, useState } from 'react'
 import { Input, InputNumber, Radio, Select, Switch } from 'antd'
 import type { ThemeColors } from '@shared/theme'
+import { DEFAULT_LANGUAGE, LANGUAGES, t, type Language } from '@shared/i18n'
 import { useSettingsStore, useResolvedTheme } from './store'
 import {
   DEFAULT_FONT_STACK,
@@ -57,17 +58,20 @@ export function FontSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
   return (
     <div className="settings-pane">
       <SettingRow
-        label="字体"
-        desc="内置默认字体或系统等宽字体"
+        label={t('settings.font.label')}
+        desc={t('settings.font.desc')}
         control={
           <Select
             className="settings-select"
             showSearch
-            placeholder="选择字体"
+            placeholder={t('settings.font.placeholder')}
             value={selectedFont()}
             onChange={handleFontChange}
             options={[
-              { value: 'default', label: <span style={{ fontFamily: DEFAULT_FONT_STACK }}>默认</span> },
+              {
+                value: 'default',
+                label: <span style={{ fontFamily: DEFAULT_FONT_STACK }}>{t('settings.font.default')}</span>
+              },
               ...fontOptions
             ]}
             filterOption={(input, option) =>
@@ -78,8 +82,8 @@ export function FontSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
         }
       />
       <SettingRow
-        label="字号"
-        desc="终端文字的像素大小"
+        label={t('settings.font.size')}
+        desc={t('settings.font.sizeDesc')}
         control={
           <InputNumber
             className="settings-input-number"
@@ -93,8 +97,8 @@ export function FontSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
         }
       />
       <SettingRow
-        label="字重"
-        desc="400 为常规，700 为粗体"
+        label={t('settings.font.weight')}
+        desc={t('settings.font.weightDesc')}
         control={
           <Select
             className="settings-select"
@@ -107,8 +111,8 @@ export function FontSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
         }
       />
       <SettingRow
-        label="粗体字重"
-        desc="粗体文字所用的字重"
+        label={t('settings.font.boldWeight')}
+        desc={t('settings.font.boldWeightDesc')}
         control={
           <Select
             className="settings-select"
@@ -121,8 +125,8 @@ export function FontSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
         }
       />
       <SettingRow
-        label="字间距"
-        desc="字符之间的水平间距"
+        label={t('settings.font.letterSpacing')}
+        desc={t('settings.font.letterSpacingDesc')}
         control={
           <InputNumber
             className="settings-input-number"
@@ -137,8 +141,8 @@ export function FontSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
         }
       />
       <SettingRow
-        label="行高"
-        desc="相邻两行之间的垂直距离"
+        label={t('settings.font.lineHeight')}
+        desc={t('settings.font.lineHeightDesc')}
         control={
           <InputNumber
             className="settings-input-number"
@@ -171,8 +175,8 @@ export function CursorSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
   return (
     <div className="settings-pane">
       <SettingRow
-        label="光标闪烁"
-        desc="光标是否周期性闪烁"
+        label={t('settings.cursor.blink')}
+        desc={t('settings.cursor.blinkDesc')}
         control={
           <Switch
             checked={settings.terminal.cursorBlink}
@@ -181,8 +185,8 @@ export function CursorSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
         }
       />
       <SettingRow
-        label="光标样式"
-        desc="光标的显示形状"
+        label={t('settings.cursor.style')}
+        desc={t('settings.cursor.styleDesc')}
         control={
           <Select
             className="settings-select"
@@ -190,13 +194,13 @@ export function CursorSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
             onChange={(v) => {
               if (v !== null) void updateTerminal({ cursorStyle: v })
             }}
-            options={cursorStyleOptions}
+            options={cursorStyleOptions()}
           />
         }
       />
       <SettingRow
-        label="非活动光标样式"
-        desc="窗口失焦时光标样式"
+        label={t('settings.cursor.inactiveStyle')}
+        desc={t('settings.cursor.inactiveStyleDesc')}
         control={
           <Select
             className="settings-select"
@@ -204,13 +208,13 @@ export function CursorSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
             onChange={(v) => {
               if (v !== null) void updateTerminal({ cursorInactiveStyle: v })
             }}
-            options={inactiveCursorStyleOptions}
+            options={inactiveCursorStyleOptions()}
           />
         }
       />
       <SettingRow
-        label="滚动缓冲区"
-        desc="屏幕上可回滚的行数"
+        label={t('settings.cursor.scrollback')}
+        desc={t('settings.cursor.scrollbackDesc')}
         control={
           <InputNumber
             className="settings-input-number"
@@ -231,26 +235,27 @@ export function CursorSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
 export function RenderSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
   const settings = useSettingsStore((s) => s.settings)
   const updateTerminal = useSettingsStore((s) => s.updateTerminal)
+  const rendererModes = rendererModeOptions()
   return (
     <div className="settings-pane">
       <div className="settings-block-label">
-        渲染模式
-        <span className="settings-block-hint">终端单元渲染加速方式，改动将应用到所有终端</span>
+        {t('settings.render.modeLabel')}
+        <span className="settings-block-hint">{t('settings.render.modeHint')}</span>
       </div>
       <Radio.Group
         className="settings-radio-group"
         value={settings.terminal.rendererMode}
         onChange={(e) => void updateTerminal({ rendererMode: e.target.value })}
-        options={rendererModeOptions}
+        options={rendererModes}
         optionType="button"
         buttonStyle="solid"
       />
       <div className="settings-block-hint settings-render-hint">
-        {rendererModeOptions.find((o) => o.value === settings.terminal.rendererMode)?.hint}
+        {rendererModes.find((o) => o.value === settings.terminal.rendererMode)?.hint}
       </div>
       <SettingRow
-        label="自动换行"
-        desc="超出宽度时自动折行"
+        label={t('settings.render.autoWrap')}
+        desc={t('settings.render.autoWrapDesc')}
         control={
           <Switch
             checked={settings.terminal.autoWrap}
@@ -259,8 +264,8 @@ export function RenderSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
         }
       />
       <SettingRow
-        label="选中即复制"
-        desc="鼠标选中文字时自动复制"
+        label={t('settings.render.copyOnSelect')}
+        desc={t('settings.render.copyOnSelectDesc')}
         control={
           <Switch
             checked={settings.terminal.copyOnSelect}
@@ -269,8 +274,8 @@ export function RenderSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
         }
       />
       <SettingRow
-        label="粘贴风险确认"
-        desc="多行文本（或超长单行）粘贴前弹出确认；单行直接粘贴"
+        label={t('settings.render.pasteRiskConfirm')}
+        desc={t('settings.render.pasteRiskConfirmDesc')}
         control={
           <Switch
             checked={settings.terminal.pasteRiskConfirm}
@@ -279,8 +284,8 @@ export function RenderSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
         }
       />
       <SettingRow
-        label="输入建议"
-        desc="输入时弹出命令建议；Tab 接受，回车始终直接执行"
+        label={t('settings.render.suggest')}
+        desc={t('settings.render.suggestDesc')}
         control={
           <Switch
             checked={settings.terminal.suggestEnabled}
@@ -289,8 +294,8 @@ export function RenderSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
         }
       />
       <SettingRow
-        label="记录命令历史"
-        desc="关闭后不再记录新命令；已保存的历史仍然保留"
+        label={t('settings.render.history')}
+        desc={t('settings.render.historyDesc')}
         control={
           <Switch
             checked={settings.terminal.historyEnabled}
@@ -299,8 +304,8 @@ export function RenderSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
         }
       />
       <SettingRow
-        label="历史条数上限"
-        desc="命令历史最多保留多少条，重复命令只记一次"
+        label={t('settings.render.historyLimit')}
+        desc={t('settings.render.historyLimitDesc')}
         control={
           <InputNumber
             min={1}
@@ -316,8 +321,8 @@ export function RenderSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
         }
       />
       <SettingRow
-        label="终端工具栏 · 录制"
-        desc="右上角显示「记录会话日志」按钮"
+        label={t('settings.render.recButton')}
+        desc={t('settings.render.recButtonDesc')}
         control={
           <Switch
             checked={settings.terminal.showRecButton}
@@ -326,8 +331,8 @@ export function RenderSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
         }
       />
       <SettingRow
-        label="终端工具栏 · 打开日志目录"
-        desc="右上角显示「打开日志目录」按钮"
+        label={t('settings.render.openLogsButton')}
+        desc={t('settings.render.openLogsButtonDesc')}
         control={
           <Switch
             checked={settings.terminal.showOpenLogsButton}
@@ -336,8 +341,8 @@ export function RenderSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
         }
       />
       <SettingRow
-        label="终端工具栏 · 打开工作区目录"
-        desc="右上角显示「打开当前目录」按钮（SSH 会话不显示；目录随 cd 实时跟踪，需开启 shell 集成或使用 cd 命令）"
+        label={t('settings.render.openCwdButton')}
+        desc={t('settings.render.openCwdButtonDesc')}
         control={
           <Switch
             checked={settings.terminal.showOpenCwdButton}
@@ -354,9 +359,20 @@ export function SystemSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
   const updateSystem = useSettingsStore((s) => s.updateSystem)
   return (
     <div className="settings-pane">
+      {/* Interface language — first row: the whole dialog re-renders on change. */}
+      <div className="settings-block-label">{t('common.language')}</div>
+      <Radio.Group
+        className="settings-language-group"
+        value={settings.system.language ?? DEFAULT_LANGUAGE}
+        onChange={(e) => void updateSystem({ language: e.target.value as Language })}
+        options={LANGUAGES.map((l) => ({ value: l.value, label: l.label }))}
+        optionType="button"
+        buttonStyle="solid"
+      />
+      <div className="settings-block-hint settings-language-hint">{t('common.languageDesc')}</div>
       <SettingRow
-        label="开机时自启动"
-        desc="开机时自动启动软件（开发模式下注册的是开发版程序）"
+        label={t('settings.system.launchAtLogin')}
+        desc={t('settings.system.launchAtLoginDesc')}
         control={
           <Switch
             checked={settings.system.launchAtLogin}
@@ -365,8 +381,8 @@ export function SystemSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
         }
       />
       <SettingRow
-        label="阻止系统休眠"
-        desc="开启后 OpenTerminal 将阻止系统自动休眠；关闭则允许系统按系统设置休眠"
+        label={t('settings.system.preventSleep')}
+        desc={t('settings.system.preventSleepDesc')}
         control={
           <Switch
             checked={settings.system.preventSleep}
@@ -375,8 +391,8 @@ export function SystemSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
         }
       />
       <SettingRow
-        label="启动时恢复上次会话"
-        desc="下次启动恢复分屏布局，并让每个终端回到它上次所在的目录；关闭则每次都以单个终端启动"
+        label={t('settings.system.restoreSession')}
+        desc={t('settings.system.restoreSessionDesc')}
         control={
           <Switch
             checked={settings.system.restoreSession !== false}
@@ -385,8 +401,8 @@ export function SystemSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
         }
       />
       <SettingRow
-        label="Shell 集成"
-        desc="让 shell 主动上报工作目录（OSC 7），路径记忆更精确（含脚本内的 cd）；会包装你的命令提示符，遇到提示符主题异常时关掉即可"
+        label={t('settings.system.shellIntegration')}
+        desc={t('settings.system.shellIntegrationDesc')}
         control={
           <Switch
             checked={settings.system.shellIntegration === true}
@@ -395,24 +411,24 @@ export function SystemSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
         }
       />
       <SettingRow
-        label="关闭按钮行为"
-        desc="点击窗口关闭按钮时的动作；最小化到托盘后可在托盘图标右键菜单中退出"
+        label={t('settings.system.closeAction')}
+        desc={t('settings.system.closeActionDesc')}
         control={
           <Select
             className="settings-select"
             value={settings.system.closeAction ?? 'tray'}
             onChange={(value) => void updateSystem({ closeAction: value })}
             options={[
-              { value: 'tray', label: '最小化到托盘' },
-              { value: 'exit', label: '直接退出' },
-              { value: 'ask', label: '每次询问' }
+              { value: 'tray', label: t('settings.system.closeActionTray') },
+              { value: 'exit', label: t('settings.system.closeActionExit') },
+              { value: 'ask', label: t('settings.system.closeActionAsk') }
             ]}
           />
         }
       />
       <SettingRow
-        label="全局唤起快捷键"
-        desc="点击输入框后直接按下组合键；Esc 取消，退格清空禁用"
+        label={t('settings.system.globalShortcut')}
+        desc={t('settings.system.globalShortcutDesc')}
         control={
           <ShortcutInput
             value={settings.system.globalShowHide ?? ''}
@@ -421,7 +437,7 @@ export function SystemSettingsTab(): React.JSX.Element {
         }
       />
       <div className="settings-block-hint settings-shortcut-hint">
-        配合全局键可在任何界面唤起/隐藏窗口；若注册失败（与其他软件冲突）则不生效，应用不会报错。
+        {t('settings.system.globalShortcutHint')}
       </div>
     </div>
   )
@@ -481,8 +497,8 @@ function ShortcutInput({ value, onChange }: { value: string; onChange: (v: strin
     <Input
       className={`settings-select shortcut-input${recording ? ' is-recording' : ''}`}
       readOnly
-      value={recording ? '按下组合键…' : value}
-      placeholder="点击后按下快捷键，留空禁用"
+      value={recording ? t('settings.system.shortcutRecording') : value}
+      placeholder={t('settings.system.shortcutPlaceholder')}
       onFocus={() => setRecording(true)}
       onBlur={() => setRecording(false)}
       onKeyDown={(e) => {
@@ -557,7 +573,7 @@ function TerminalPreview({
   }
   return (
     <div className="settings-preview" style={{ background: colors.background }}>
-      <span className="settings-preview-title">预览</span>
+      <span className="settings-preview-title">{t('settings.preview')}</span>
       <div className="settings-preview-grid" style={gridStyle}>
         {lines.map((l, i) => (
           <div key={i} className="settings-preview-line">

src/renderer/src/settings/ThemeSettingsTab.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { useMemo } from 'react'
 import { Button, ColorPicker, Popconfirm } from 'antd'
+import { t } from '@shared/i18n'
 import type { TerminalSettings } from '@shared/settings'
 import { DEFAULT_SETTINGS } from '@shared/settings'
 import type { TerminalTheme, ThemeColors } from '@shared/theme'
@@ -49,8 +50,8 @@ export function ThemeSettingsTab({
     <div className="theme-pane">
       <div className="theme-accent-row">
         <div>
-          <div className="settings-block-label">标签强调色</div>
-          <div className="settings-block-hint">活动标签边框、侧栏指示条与 SSH 徽章的强调颜色</div>
+          <div className="settings-block-label">{t('settings.theme.accent')}</div>
+          <div className="settings-block-hint">{t('settings.theme.accentDesc')}</div>
         </div>
         <div className="theme-accent-controls">
           <ColorPicker
@@ -61,33 +62,33 @@ export function ThemeSettingsTab({
             size="small"
             onClick={() => void updateTerminal({ tabAccentColor: DEFAULT_SETTINGS.terminal.tabAccentColor })}
           >
-            恢复默认
+            {t('common.reset')}
           </Button>
         </div>
       </div>
       <div className="theme-gallery">
-      {themeCards.map((t) => {
-        const selected = t.id === activeTheme.id
-        const isCustom = t.builtin === false
+      {themeCards.map((theme) => {
+        const selected = theme.id === activeTheme.id
+        const isCustom = theme.builtin === false
         return (
           <div
-            key={t.id}
+            key={theme.id}
             className={selected ? 'theme-card theme-card-selected' : 'theme-card'}
-            onClick={() => void updateTerminal({ themeId: t.id })}
-            title={t.name}
+            onClick={() => void updateTerminal({ themeId: theme.id })}
+            title={theme.name}
           >
-            <div className="theme-card-bg" style={{ background: t.colors.background }} />
+            <div className="theme-card-bg" style={{ background: theme.colors.background }} />
             <div className="theme-card-body">
               <div className="theme-card-name-row">
-                <span className="theme-card-name">{t.name}</span>
-                {isCustom && <span className="theme-card-badge">自定义</span>}
+                <span className="theme-card-name">{theme.name}</span>
+                {isCustom && <span className="theme-card-badge">{t('settings.theme.customBadge')}</span>}
               </div>
               <div className="theme-card-dots">
 {ANSI_KEYS.map((k) => (
                   <span
                     key={k}
                     className="theme-card-dot"
-                    style={{ background: t.colors[k] }}
+                    style={{ background: theme.colors[k] }}
                   />
                 ))}
               </div>
@@ -98,29 +99,29 @@ export function ThemeSettingsTab({
                       size="small"
                       onClick={(e) => {
                         e.stopPropagation()
-                        onEditTheme(t.id)
+                        onEditTheme(theme.id)
                       }}
                     >
-                      编辑
+                      {t('common.edit')}
                     </Button>
                     <Popconfirm
-                      title="删除自定义主题"
-                      description="删除后无法恢复，确定继续？"
-                      okText="删除"
-                      cancelText="取消"
+                      title={t('settings.theme.deleteTitle')}
+                      description={t('settings.deleteConfirmDesc')}
+                      okText={t('common.delete')}
+                      cancelText={t('common.cancel')}
                       okButtonProps={{ danger: true }}
                       onConfirm={(e) => {
                         e?.stopPropagation()
-                        void handleDelete(t.id)
+                        void handleDelete(theme.id)
                       }}
                     >
                       <Button
                         size="small"
                         danger
                         onClick={(e) => e.stopPropagation()}
-                        title="删除"
+                        title={t('common.delete')}
                       >
-                        删除
+                        {t('common.delete')}
                       </Button>
                     </Popconfirm>
                   </>
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ export function ThemeSettingsTab({
 
       <div className="theme-card theme-card-new" onClick={onCreateTheme}>
         <div className="theme-card-new-icon">+</div>
-        <div className="theme-card-new-text">新建主题</div>
+        <div className="theme-card-new-text">{t('settings.theme.create')}</div>
       </div>
       </div>
     </div>

src/renderer/src/settings/fields.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+import { t } from '@shared/i18n'
 import type { TerminalSettings } from '@shared/settings'
 
 /** font stack shown as the persistent "默认" option */
@@ -8,31 +9,35 @@ export const WEIGHT_OPTIONS = [100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900]
 
 export const weightOptions = WEIGHT_OPTIONS.map((w) => ({ value: w, label: String(w) }))
 
-export const cursorStyleOptions: Array<{ value: TerminalSettings['cursorStyle']; label: string }> = [
-  { value: 'bar', label: '竖线 (bar)' },
-  { value: 'block', label: '方块 (block)' },
-  { value: 'underline', label: '下划线 (underline)' }
+export const cursorStyleOptions = (): Array<{ value: TerminalSettings['cursorStyle']; label: string }> => [
+  { value: 'bar', label: t('settings.cursorStyle.bar') },
+  { value: 'block', label: t('settings.cursorStyle.block') },
+  { value: 'underline', label: t('settings.cursorStyle.underline') }
 ]
 
-export const inactiveCursorStyleOptions: Array<{
+export const inactiveCursorStyleOptions = (): Array<{
   value: TerminalSettings['cursorInactiveStyle']
   label: string
-}> = [
-  { value: 'outline', label: '轮廓 (outline)' },
-  { value: 'block', label: '方块 (block)' },
-  { value: 'bar', label: '竖线 (bar)' },
-  { value: 'underline', label: '下划线 (underline)' },
-  { value: 'none', label: '无 (none)' }
+}> => [
+  { value: 'outline', label: t('settings.cursorStyle.outline') },
+  { value: 'block', label: t('settings.cursorStyle.block') },
+  { value: 'bar', label: t('settings.cursorStyle.bar') },
+  { value: 'underline', label: t('settings.cursorStyle.underline') },
+  { value: 'none', label: t('settings.cursorStyle.none') }
 ]
 
-export const rendererModeOptions: Array<{
+export const rendererModeOptions = (): Array<{
   value: TerminalSettings['rendererMode']
   label: string
   hint: string
-}> = [
-  { value: 'auto', label: '自动', hint: '优先使用 WebGL 加速，失败时自动回退到 DOM 渲染' },
-  { value: 'webgl', label: '高性能 WebGL', hint: '强制使用 GPU 加速渲染，适合高刷新率与大行数滚动' },
-  { value: 'dom', label: '兼容 DOM', hint: '纯 CPU 渲染，兼容性最好，适合无 GPU 或远程桌面环境' }
+}> => [
+  { value: 'auto', label: t('settings.rendererMode.auto'), hint: t('settings.rendererMode.autoHint') },
+  {
+    value: 'webgl',
+    label: t('settings.rendererMode.webgl'),
+    hint: t('settings.rendererMode.webglHint')
+  },
+  { value: 'dom', label: t('settings.rendererMode.dom'), hint: t('settings.rendererMode.domHint') }
 ]
 
 /** one label + control row inside a settings pane */

src/renderer/src/settings/settings.css

@@ -163,10 +163,10 @@
   color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--chrome-fg, #cccccc) 45%, transparent);
 }
 
+/* Button-style radio groups render as one joined strip (no gaps, shared
+   borders) — matches the language picker and the reference UI. */
 .settings-radio-group {
-  display: flex;
-  flex-wrap: wrap;
-  gap: 12px;
+  display: inline-flex;
   margin-bottom: 16px;
 }
 
@@ -175,6 +175,36 @@
   text-align: center;
 }
 
+/* Language picker: one joined strip (no gaps, shared borders) instead of the
+   spread-out radio buttons used elsewhere. */
+.settings-language-group {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  margin-bottom: 16px;
+}
+
+.settings-language-group .ant-radio-button-wrapper {
+  min-width: 104px;
+  text-align: center;
+}
+
+/* Selected segment: the filled (primary) background needs a light label —
+   antd's own checked colour loses to our text overrides, so pin it here. */
+.settings-radio-group .ant-radio-button-wrapper-checked:not(.ant-radio-button-wrapper-disabled),
+.settings-language-group .ant-radio-button-wrapper-checked:not(.ant-radio-button-wrapper-disabled) {
+  color: #fff;
+}
+
+.settings-radio-group .ant-radio-button-wrapper-checked:not(.ant-radio-button-wrapper-disabled):hover,
+.settings-language-group .ant-radio-button-wrapper-checked:not(.ant-radio-button-wrapper-disabled):hover {
+  color: #fff;
+}
+
+/* Own positive spacing: the shared `.settings-render-hint` uses a negative
+   top margin that lands the text on top of the button strip here. */
+.settings-language-hint {
+  margin: 6px 0 18px;
+}
+
 .settings-render-hint {
   margin: -8px 0 16px;
 }

src/renderer/src/sftp/FilePanel.tsx

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import {
 import { App, Button, Checkbox, Dropdown, Input, Modal, Popconfirm, Tooltip } from 'antd'
 import type { MenuProps } from 'antd'
 import type { SftpEntry, TransferProgressEvent } from '@shared/sftp'
+import { getLanguage, t } from '@shared/i18n'
 import './sftp.css'
 
 /** Remote file browser for one SSH session (M4). */
@@ -70,8 +71,14 @@ function fmtTime(ms: number): string {
   return `${d.getMonth() + 1}/${d.getDate()} ${String(d.getHours()).padStart(2, '0')}:${String(d.getMinutes()).padStart(2, '0')}`
 }
 
-const PERM_ROW_LABELS = ['所有者', '组', '其他'] as const
-const PERM_COL_LABELS = ['读', '写', '执行'] as const
+/** Permission-grid labels are resolved per render so they follow the language. */
+function permRowLabels(): string[] {
+  return [t('ssh.file.permRowOwner'), t('ssh.file.permRowGroup'), t('ssh.file.permRowOther')]
+}
+
+function permColLabels(): string[] {
+  return [t('ssh.file.permColRead'), t('ssh.file.permColWrite'), t('ssh.file.permColExec')]
+}
 
 interface PermissionModalProps {
   open: boolean
@@ -89,6 +96,8 @@ function PermissionModal({ open, sessionId, entry, onClose, onSaved }: Permissio
   const [gid, setGid] = useState('')
   const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false)
   const hasUidGid = entry != null && (entry.uid != null || entry.gid != null)
+  const rowLabels = permRowLabels()
+  const colLabels = permColLabels()
 
   const modeStr = useMemo(() => {
     if (!entry) return { type: '-', str: '---------' }
@@ -164,7 +173,7 @@ function PermissionModal({ open, sessionId, entry, onClose, onSaved }: Permissio
           await window.api.chownRemote(sessionId, entry.path, u, g)
         }
         if (octalStr !== curOctal || ownerChanged) {
-          message.success('已应用权限')
+          message.success(t('ssh.file.permApplied'))
         }
         onClose()
         onSaved()
@@ -178,13 +187,13 @@ function PermissionModal({ open, sessionId, entry, onClose, onSaved }: Permissio
 
   return (
     <Modal
-      title={`权限 · ${entry?.name ?? ''}`}
+      title={t('ssh.file.permTitle', { name: entry?.name ?? '' })}
       open={open}
       onOk={onSave}
       onCancel={onClose}
       confirmLoading={saving}
-      okText="保存"
-      cancelText="取消"
+      okText={t('common.save')}
+      cancelText={t('common.cancel')}
       width={380}
     >
       <div className="sftp-perm">
@@ -198,14 +207,14 @@ function PermissionModal({ open, sessionId, entry, onClose, onSaved }: Permissio
         <div className="sftp-perm-grid">
           <div className="sftp-perm-grid-head">
             <span />
-            {PERM_COL_LABELS.map((l) => (
+            {colLabels.map((l) => (
               <span key={l}>{l}</span>
             ))}
           </div>
-          {PERM_ROW_LABELS.map((row, r) => (
+          {rowLabels.map((row, r) => (
             <div className="sftp-perm-grid-row" key={row}>
               <span className="sftp-perm-grid-label">{row}</span>
-              {PERM_COL_LABELS.map((_, c) => {
+              {colLabels.map((_, c) => {
                 const idx = r * 3 + c
                 return (
                   <Checkbox key={idx} checked={bits[idx]} onChange={() => toggleBit(idx)} />
@@ -216,11 +225,11 @@ function PermissionModal({ open, sessionId, entry, onClose, onSaved }: Permissio
         </div>
 
         <div className="sftp-perm-octal-input">
-          <span className="sftp-perm-label">八进制</span>
+          <span className="sftp-perm-label">{t('ssh.file.octal')}</span>
           <Input
             value={octal}
             onChange={(e) => applyOctal(e.target.value)}
-            placeholder="如 755"
+            placeholder={t('ssh.file.octalPlaceholder')}
             addonAfter={bitsToModeStr(modeStr.type, bits)}
           />
         </div>
@@ -228,14 +237,22 @@ function PermissionModal({ open, sessionId, entry, onClose, onSaved }: Permissio
         <div className="sftp-perm-own">
           <div className="sftp-perm-own-field">
             <span className="sftp-perm-label">UID</span>
-            <Input value={uid} onChange={(e) => setUid(e.target.value)} placeholder={hasUidGid ? '不改则留空' : '0'} />
+            <Input
+              value={uid}
+              onChange={(e) => setUid(e.target.value)}
+              placeholder={hasUidGid ? t('ssh.file.keepEmpty') : '0'}
+            />
           </div>
           <div className="sftp-perm-own-field">
             <span className="sftp-perm-label">GID</span>
-            <Input value={gid} onChange={(e) => setGid(e.target.value)} placeholder={hasUidGid ? '不改则留空' : '0'} />
+            <Input
+              value={gid}
+              onChange={(e) => setGid(e.target.value)}
+              placeholder={hasUidGid ? t('ssh.file.keepEmpty') : '0'}
+            />
           </div>
         </div>
-        <div className="sftp-perm-hint">UID/GID 留空表示不修改属主</div>
+        <div className="sftp-perm-hint">{t('ssh.file.ownerHint')}</div>
       </div>
     </Modal>
   )
@@ -363,13 +380,16 @@ export function FilePanel({ sessionId }: FilePanelProps): React.JSX.Element {
     void (async () => {
       try {
         await navigator.clipboard.writeText(entry.path)
-        message.success('已复制路径')
+        message.success(t('ssh.file.pathCopied'))
       } catch {
-        message.error('复制路径失败')
+        message.error(t('ssh.file.copyPathFailed'))
       }
     })()
   }
 
+  /** Active language; a dep of the menu below so translated labels refresh. */
+  const language = getLanguage()
+
   /** opens the mkdir modal in create-a-file mode (no-op: new files unsupported) */
   const menu: MenuProps = useMemo(() => {
     const target = menuTarget
@@ -377,51 +397,51 @@ export function FilePanel({ sessionId }: FilePanelProps): React.JSX.Element {
     const canAction = target != null
     return {
       items: [
-        { key: 'refresh', label: '刷新', icon: <ReloadOutlined /> },
+        { key: 'refresh', label: t('ssh.file.refresh'), icon: <ReloadOutlined /> },
         { type: 'divider' },
         {
           key: 'open',
-          label: isDir ? '打开' : '下载',
+          label: isDir ? t('ssh.file.open') : t('ssh.file.download'),
           icon: isDir ? <FolderOpenOutlined /> : <DownloadOutlined />,
           disabled: !canAction
         },
         {
           key: 'download',
-          label: '下载',
+          label: t('ssh.file.download'),
           icon: <DownloadOutlined />,
           disabled: !canAction || Boolean(isDir)
         },
-        { key: 'upload', label: '上传…', icon: <UploadOutlined /> },
+        { key: 'upload', label: t('ssh.file.upload'), icon: <UploadOutlined /> },
         {
           key: 'rename',
-          label: '重命名',
+          label: t('ssh.file.rename'),
           icon: <FormOutlined />,
           disabled: !canAction
         },
         {
           type: 'submenu',
           key: 'new',
-          label: '新建',
+          label: t('ssh.file.new'),
           icon: <FileAddOutlined />,
           children: [
-            { key: 'mkdir', label: '新建文件夹', icon: <FolderAddOutlined /> }
+            { key: 'mkdir', label: t('ssh.file.newFolder'), icon: <FolderAddOutlined /> }
             // 新建文件：无现成 SFTP 创建文件 API（main 仅 mkdir/rename/chmod/chown），不做
           ]
         },
         { type: 'divider' },
         {
           key: 'copyPath',
-          label: '复制路径',
+          label: t('ssh.file.copyPath'),
           icon: <CopyOutlined />,
           disabled: !canAction
         },
         {
           key: 'permission',
-          label: '文件权限…',
+          label: t('ssh.file.permission'),
           icon: <SafetyOutlined />,
           disabled: !canAction
         },
-        { key: 'delete', label: '删除', icon: <DeleteOutlined />, danger: true, disabled: !canAction }
+        { key: 'delete', label: t('common.delete'), icon: <DeleteOutlined />, danger: true, disabled: !canAction }
       ],
       onClick: ({ key }) => {
         const entry = menuTarget
@@ -447,11 +467,11 @@ export function FilePanel({ sessionId }: FilePanelProps): React.JSX.Element {
           setPermOpen(true)
         } else if (key === 'delete') {
           modal.confirm({
-            title: '确认删除？',
+            title: t('ssh.file.deleteTitle'),
             content: entry ? `${entry.name}（${entry.path}）` : undefined,
-            okText: '删除',
+            okText: t('common.delete'),
             okButtonProps: { danger: true },
-            cancelText: '取消',
+            cancelText: t('common.cancel'),
             onOk: () =>
               new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
                 if (!entry) {
@@ -471,12 +491,12 @@ export function FilePanel({ sessionId }: FilePanelProps): React.JSX.Element {
       }
     }
     // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
-  }, [menuTarget, dir, refresh])
+  }, [menuTarget, dir, refresh, language])
 
   return (
     <div className="sftp-panel">
       <div className="sftp-toolbar">
-        <Tooltip title="上一级">
+        <Tooltip title={t('ssh.file.up')}>
           <Button
             type="text"
             size="small"
@@ -485,10 +505,10 @@ export function FilePanel({ sessionId }: FilePanelProps): React.JSX.Element {
             onClick={() => void refresh(parent)}
           />
         </Tooltip>
-        <Tooltip title="刷新">
+        <Tooltip title={t('ssh.file.refresh')}>
           <Button type="text" size="small" icon={<ReloadOutlined />} onClick={() => void refresh(dir)} />
         </Tooltip>
-        <Tooltip title="新建文件夹">
+        <Tooltip title={t('ssh.file.newFolder')}>
           <Button
             type="text"
             size="small"
@@ -499,10 +519,10 @@ export function FilePanel({ sessionId }: FilePanelProps): React.JSX.Element {
             }}
           />
         </Tooltip>
-        <Tooltip title="上传文件">
+        <Tooltip title={t('ssh.file.uploadFile')}>
           <Button type="text" size="small" icon={<UploadOutlined />} onClick={doUpload} />
         </Tooltip>
-        <Tooltip title="下载选中项">
+        <Tooltip title={t('ssh.file.downloadSelected')}>
           <Button
             type="text"
             size="small"
@@ -511,7 +531,7 @@ export function FilePanel({ sessionId }: FilePanelProps): React.JSX.Element {
             onClick={() => selected && doDownload(selected)}
           />
         </Tooltip>
-        <Tooltip title="重命名">
+        <Tooltip title={t('ssh.file.rename')}>
           <Button
             type="text"
             size="small"
@@ -523,7 +543,7 @@ export function FilePanel({ sessionId }: FilePanelProps): React.JSX.Element {
             }}
           />
         </Tooltip>
-        <Tooltip title="权限 / 属主">
+        <Tooltip title={t('ssh.file.permOwner')}>
           <Button
             type="text"
             size="small"
@@ -532,7 +552,12 @@ export function FilePanel({ sessionId }: FilePanelProps): React.JSX.Element {
             onClick={() => setPermOpen(true)}
           />
         </Tooltip>
-        <Popconfirm title="确认删除？" okText="删除" cancelText="取消" onConfirm={doDelete}>
+        <Popconfirm
+          title={t('ssh.file.deleteTitle')}
+          okText={t('common.delete')}
+          cancelText={t('common.cancel')}
+          onConfirm={doDelete}
+        >
           <Button type="text" size="small" icon={<DeleteOutlined />} disabled={!selected} danger />
         </Popconfirm>
       </div>
@@ -552,8 +577,8 @@ export function FilePanel({ sessionId }: FilePanelProps): React.JSX.Element {
         <div className="sftp-error">{error}</div>
       ) : (
         <div className="sftp-list">
-          {loading && entries.length === 0 && <div className="sftp-empty">加载中…</div>}
-          {!loading && entries.length === 0 && <div className="sftp-empty">空目录</div>}
+          {loading && entries.length === 0 && <div className="sftp-empty">{t('ssh.file.loading')}</div>}
+          {!loading && entries.length === 0 && <div className="sftp-empty">{t('ssh.file.empty')}</div>}
           {entries.map((e) => (
             <Dropdown
               key={e.path}
@@ -577,7 +602,7 @@ export function FilePanel({ sessionId }: FilePanelProps): React.JSX.Element {
                 <span className="sftp-name" title={e.name}>
                   {e.name}
                 </span>
-                <span className="sftp-mode" title={e.mode ?? '权限不可用'}>
+                <span className="sftp-mode" title={e.mode ?? t('ssh.file.modeUnavailable')}>
                   {e.mode ?? '----------'}
                 </span>
                 <span className="sftp-owner" title={`UID ${e.uid ?? '—'} / GID ${e.gid ?? '—'}`}>
@@ -601,29 +626,29 @@ export function FilePanel({ sessionId }: FilePanelProps): React.JSX.Element {
         onSaved={() => void refresh(dir)}
       />
       <Modal
-        title="新建文件夹"
+        title={t('ssh.file.newFolder')}
         open={mkdirOpen}
         onOk={doMkdir}
         onCancel={() => setMkdirOpen(false)}
-        okText="创建"
-        cancelText="取消"
+        okText={t('ssh.file.create')}
+        cancelText={t('common.cancel')}
         width={360}
       >
         <Input
           autoFocus
-          placeholder="文件夹名称"
+          placeholder={t('ssh.file.folderName')}
           value={inputValue}
           onChange={(e) => setInputValue(e.target.value)}
           onPressEnter={doMkdir}
         />
       </Modal>
       <Modal
-        title={`重命名 ${selected?.name ?? ''}`}
+        title={t('ssh.file.renameTitle', { name: selected?.name ?? '' })}
         open={renameOpen}
         onOk={doRename}
         onCancel={() => setRenameOpen(false)}
-        okText="确定"
-        cancelText="取消"
+        okText={t('common.ok')}
+        cancelText={t('common.cancel')}
         width={360}
       >
         <Input

src/renderer/src/sftp/TransferPanel.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
 import { CloseOutlined } from '@ant-design/icons'
 import type { TransferKind, TransferProgressEvent } from '@shared/sftp'
+import { t } from '@shared/i18n'
 
 interface TransferState {
   kind: TransferKind
@@ -75,27 +76,27 @@ export function TransferPanel(): React.JSX.Element | null {
 
   return (
     <div className="sftp-transfer-panel">
-      {list.map(([id, t]) => {
-        const pct = t.totalBytes > 0 ? Math.min(100, Math.round((t.bytes / t.totalBytes) * 100)) : t.state === 'done' ? 100 : 0
+      {list.map(([id, tr]) => {
+        const pct = tr.totalBytes > 0 ? Math.min(100, Math.round((tr.bytes / tr.totalBytes) * 100)) : tr.state === 'done' ? 100 : 0
         return (
-          <div key={id} className={`sftp-transfer sftp-transfer-${t.state}`}>
+          <div key={id} className={`sftp-transfer sftp-transfer-${tr.state}`}>
             <div className="sftp-transfer-head">
               <span className="sftp-transfer-title">
-                {t.state === 'error'
-                  ? '传输失败'
-                  : t.state === 'cancelled'
-                    ? '已取消'
-                    : t.state === 'done'
-                      ? '传输完成'
-                      : t.kind === 'upload'
-                        ? '上传中'
-                        : t.kind === 'download'
-                          ? '下载中'
-                          : t.kind === 'zmodem-upload'
-                            ? 'ZMODEM 上传中'
-                            : 'ZMODEM 下载中'}
+                {tr.state === 'error'
+                  ? t('panels.transfer.failed')
+                  : tr.state === 'cancelled'
+                    ? t('panels.transfer.cancelled')
+                    : tr.state === 'done'
+                      ? t('panels.transfer.done')
+                      : tr.kind === 'upload'
+                        ? t('panels.transfer.uploading')
+                        : tr.kind === 'download'
+                          ? t('panels.transfer.downloading')
+                          : tr.kind === 'zmodem-upload'
+                            ? t('panels.transfer.zmodemUploading')
+                            : t('panels.transfer.zmodemDownloading')}
               </span>
-              {(t.state === 'error' || t.state === 'done') && (
+              {(tr.state === 'error' || tr.state === 'done') && (
                 <button
                   type="button"
                   className="sftp-transfer-close"
@@ -111,13 +112,13 @@ export function TransferPanel(): React.JSX.Element | null {
                 </button>
               )}
             </div>
-            <div className="sftp-transfer-file">{t.file || t.error || ''}</div>
-            {t.state === 'running' && t.totalBytes > 0 && (
+            <div className="sftp-transfer-file">{tr.file || tr.error || ''}</div>
+            {tr.state === 'running' && tr.totalBytes > 0 && (
               <div className="sftp-transfer-bar">
                 <div className="sftp-transfer-fill" style={{ width: `${pct}%` }} />
               </div>
             )}
-            {t.error && <div className="sftp-transfer-err">{t.error}</div>}
+            {tr.error && <div className="sftp-transfer-err">{tr.error}</div>}
           </div>
         )
       })}

src/renderer/src/terminal/TerminalView.tsx

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import { SearchAddon } from '@xterm/addon-search'
 import '@xterm/xterm/css/xterm.css'
 import { ClearOutlined, CopyOutlined, ExportOutlined, FolderOpenOutlined, PauseOutlined, SearchOutlined, SelectOutlined, SnippetsOutlined, SoundOutlined } from '@ant-design/icons'
 import { Checkbox, Modal } from 'antd'
+import { t } from '@shared/i18n'
 import { getThemeById } from '@shared/theme'
 import type { CommandItem } from '@shared/commands'
 import type { TerminalSettings } from '@shared/settings'
@@ -113,7 +114,7 @@ function SearchBar({ value, onChange, onPrev, onNext, onClose, enabled, result }
         className="term-searchbar-input"
         type="text"
         value={value}
-        placeholder="搜索"
+        placeholder={t('terminal.search.placeholder')}
         spellCheck={false}
         autoFocus
         onChange={(e) => onChange(e.target.value)}
@@ -123,10 +124,10 @@ function SearchBar({ value, onChange, onPrev, onNext, onClose, enabled, result }
           else if (e.key === 'Escape') onClose()
         }}
       />
-      <button type="button" className="term-searchbar-btn" disabled={!enabled} onClick={onPrev}>上一个</button>
-      <button type="button" className="term-searchbar-btn" disabled={!enabled} onClick={onNext}>下一个</button>
+      <button type="button" className="term-searchbar-btn" disabled={!enabled} onClick={onPrev}>{t('terminal.search.prev')}</button>
+      <button type="button" className="term-searchbar-btn" disabled={!enabled} onClick={onNext}>{t('terminal.search.next')}</button>
       <span className="term-searchbar-count">{result}</span>
-      <button type="button" className="term-searchbar-btn" onClick={onClose}>关闭</button>
+      <button type="button" className="term-searchbar-btn" onClick={onClose}>{t('common.close')}</button>
     </div>
   )
 }
@@ -454,7 +455,7 @@ export const TerminalView: ForwardRefExoticComponent<TerminalViewProps & { ref?:
       dir === 1
         ? addon.findNext(q, { decorations: SEARCH_DECORATIONS })
         : addon.findPrevious(q, { decorations: SEARCH_DECORATIONS })
-    setResultInfo(found ? '已找到' : '未找到')
+    setResultInfo(found ? t('terminal.search.found') : t('terminal.search.notFound'))
   }, [])
 
   /** Record a submitted command line; cd-style lines also update cwd memory. */
@@ -1122,7 +1123,7 @@ export const TerminalView: ForwardRefExoticComponent<TerminalViewProps & { ref?:
               onClick={() => runMenuAction(() => void copySelection())}
             >
               <CopyOutlined />
-              <span className="term-menu-label">复制</span>
+              <span className="term-menu-label">{t('common.copy')}</span>
               <kbd>Ctrl+Shift+C</kbd>
             </button>
             <button
@@ -1132,23 +1133,23 @@ export const TerminalView: ForwardRefExoticComponent<TerminalViewProps & { ref?:
               onClick={() => runMenuAction(() => void pasteFromClipboard())}
             >
               <SnippetsOutlined />
-              <span className="term-menu-label">粘贴</span>
+              <span className="term-menu-label">{t('common.paste')}</span>
               <kbd>Ctrl+Shift+V</kbd>
             </button>
             <div className="term-menu-sep" />
             <button type="button" className="term-menu-item" onClick={() => runMenuAction(openSearch)}>
               <SearchOutlined />
-              <span className="term-menu-label">查找</span>
+              <span className="term-menu-label">{t('terminal.menu.find')}</span>
               <kbd>Ctrl+F</kbd>
             </button>
             <button type="button" className="term-menu-item" onClick={() => runMenuAction(() => termRef.current?.selectAll())}>
               <SelectOutlined />
-              <span className="term-menu-label">全选</span>
+              <span className="term-menu-label">{t('terminal.menu.selectAll')}</span>
               <kbd />
             </button>
             <button type="button" className="term-menu-item" onClick={() => runMenuAction(() => termRef.current?.clear())}>
               <ClearOutlined />
-              <span className="term-menu-label">清屏</span>
+              <span className="term-menu-label">{t('terminal.menu.clear')}</span>
               <kbd />
             </button>
           </div>
@@ -1170,8 +1171,8 @@ export const TerminalView: ForwardRefExoticComponent<TerminalViewProps & { ref?:
           <button
             type="button"
             className={`term-rec-btn${recording ? ' is-recording' : ''}`}
-            title={recording ? '停止记录会话日志' : '开始记录会话日志'}
-            aria-label={recording ? '停止记录' : '开始记录'}
+            title={recording ? t('terminal.rec.stopLog') : t('terminal.rec.startLog')}
+            aria-label={recording ? t('terminal.rec.stop') : t('terminal.rec.start')}
             onClick={() => {
               if (recording) void handleLogStop()
               else void handleLogStart()
@@ -1184,8 +1185,8 @@ export const TerminalView: ForwardRefExoticComponent<TerminalViewProps & { ref?:
           <button
             type="button"
             className="term-rec-btn"
-            title="打开日志目录"
-            aria-label="打开日志目录"
+            title={t('terminal.rec.openLogs')}
+            aria-label={t('terminal.rec.openLogs')}
             onClick={() => window.api.openLogsDir()}
           >
             <FolderOpenOutlined />
@@ -1195,8 +1196,8 @@ export const TerminalView: ForwardRefExoticComponent<TerminalViewProps & { ref?:
           <button
             type="button"
             className="term-rec-btn"
-            title="打开工作区目录"
-            aria-label="打开工作区目录"
+            title={t('terminal.rec.openCwd')}
+            aria-label={t('terminal.rec.openCwd')}
             onClick={() => {
               const dir = getSessionCwd(sessionId)
               if (dir) void window.api.openDirectory(dir)
@@ -1208,29 +1209,29 @@ export const TerminalView: ForwardRefExoticComponent<TerminalViewProps & { ref?:
       </div>
       <Modal
         open={paste !== null}
-        title="确认粘贴"
-        okText="粘贴"
-        cancelText="取消"
+        title={t('terminal.paste.title')}
+        okText={t('common.paste')}
+        cancelText={t('common.cancel')}
         width={420}
         maskClosable={false}
         onOk={acceptPaste}
         onCancel={cancelPaste}
       >
         <div className="term-paste-confirm">
-          <p>检测到多行或潜在危险命令，确定要粘贴到终端吗？</p>
+          <p>{t('terminal.paste.message')}</p>
           <Checkbox
             checked={paste?.noPrompt ?? false}
             onChange={(e) => setPaste((prev) => (prev ? { ...prev, noPrompt: e.target.checked } : prev))}
           >
-            本次会话不再提示
+            {t('terminal.paste.noPrompt')}
           </Checkbox>
           <Checkbox
             checked={paste?.disableDetection ?? false}
             onChange={(e) => setPaste((prev) => (prev ? { ...prev, disableDetection: e.target.checked } : prev))}
           >
-            关闭后续粘贴检测
+            {t('terminal.paste.disableDetection')}
           </Checkbox>
-          <p className="term-paste-confirm-hint">可在通用终端设置中重新开启或切换检测策略。</p>
+          <p className="term-paste-confirm-hint">{t('terminal.paste.hint')}</p>
         </div>
       </Modal>
       {/* Relative-positioned wrapper around the xterm surface: the suggestion
@@ -1258,14 +1259,14 @@ export const TerminalView: ForwardRefExoticComponent<TerminalViewProps & { ref?:
                 </button>
               ))}
             </div>
-            <div className="term-suggest-hint">↑/↓ 选择 · Tab 接受 · Esc 关闭</div>
+            <div className="term-suggest-hint">{t('terminal.suggest.hint')}</div>
           </div>
         )}
         <div className="terminal-view-dock" ref={hostRef}>
           {dead && (
             <div className="term-dead-mask">
-              <div>进程已退出 (代码 {exitCode})</div>
-              <button type="button" className="term-dead-btn" onClick={() => onCloseRef.current()}>关闭</button>
+              <div>{t('terminal.dead.message', { code: exitCode })}</div>
+              <button type="button" className="term-dead-btn" onClick={() => onCloseRef.current()}>{t('common.close')}</button>
             </div>
           )}
         </div>

src/renderer/src/theme/editor/ThemeEditor.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
 import { Input, Modal } from 'antd'
+import { t } from '@shared/i18n'
 import type { ThemeColors, TerminalTheme } from '@shared/theme'
 import { DEFAULT_DARK, getThemeById } from '@shared/theme'
 import { useSettingsStore } from '../../settings/store'
@@ -22,11 +23,11 @@ interface FieldSpec {
   label: string
 }
 
-const HEADER_KEYS: FieldSpec[] = [
-  { key: 'foreground', label: '前景' },
-  { key: 'background', label: '背景' },
-  { key: 'cursor', label: '光标' },
-  { key: 'selectionBackground', label: '选区' }
+const headerKeys = (): FieldSpec[] => [
+  { key: 'foreground', label: t('settings.color.foreground') },
+  { key: 'background', label: t('settings.color.background') },
+  { key: 'cursor', label: t('settings.color.cursor') },
+  { key: 'selectionBackground', label: t('settings.color.selection') }
 ]
 
 const ANSI_KEYS: FieldSpec[] = [
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ export function ThemeEditor({ open, onClose, themeId }: ThemeEditorProps): React
     } else {
       /** create mode: seed a fresh copy based on the currently active theme */
       const active = getThemeById(settings.terminal.themeId, settings.customThemes)
-      setName(active.name + '（副本）')
+      setName(active.name + t('settings.themeEditor.copySuffix'))
       setColors({ ...active.colors })
     }
     // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
@@ -122,27 +123,27 @@ export function ThemeEditor({ open, onClose, themeId }: ThemeEditorProps): React
       open={open}
       onCancel={onClose}
       onOk={handleSave}
-      okText="保存"
-      cancelText="取消"
+      okText={t('common.save')}
+      cancelText={t('common.cancel')}
       confirmLoading={saving}
       destroyOnHidden
       width={560}
-      title={isCreate ? '新建主题' : '编辑主题'}
+      title={isCreate ? t('settings.theme.create') : t('settings.theme.editTitle')}
       okButtonProps={{ disabled: name.trim() === '' }}
     >
       <div className="theme-editor">
         <div className="theme-editor-row">
-          <span className="theme-editor-label">名称</span>
+          <span className="theme-editor-label">{t('settings.themeEditor.name')}</span>
           <Input
             value={name}
             onChange={(e) => setName(e.target.value)}
-            placeholder="主题名称"
+            placeholder={t('settings.themeEditor.namePlaceholder')}
             maxLength={60}
           />
         </div>
 
         <div className="theme-editor-colors">
-          {HEADER_KEYS.map((spec) => (
+          {headerKeys().map((spec) => (
             <ColorField key={spec.key} spec={spec} value={colors[spec.key]} onChange={setColor} />
           ))}
           <div className="theme-editor-divider" />
@@ -152,7 +153,7 @@ export function ThemeEditor({ open, onClose, themeId }: ThemeEditorProps): React
         </div>
 
         <div className="theme-editor-preview">
-          <span className="theme-editor-preview-label">预览</span>
+          <span className="theme-editor-preview-label">{t('settings.preview')}</span>
           <ThemePreviewSnippet colors={colors} />
         </div>
       </div>

src/renderer/src/workspace/ConnectFlow.tsx

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { useState } from 'react'
 import { Button, Input, Modal } from 'antd'
 import { LoadingOutlined } from '@ant-design/icons'
 import type { SshConnection, SshSecretOverride } from '@shared/connections'
+import { t } from '@shared/i18n'
 
 /**
  * Connect-time gateways for one SSH connection attempt.
@@ -54,9 +55,9 @@ export function ConnectFlow({ conn, phase, onConfirmed, onCancel }: ConnectFlowP
     return (
       <SecretModal
         key={key}
-        title="输入连接密码"
+        title={t('workspace.connect.passwordTitle')}
         description={`${conn.username}@${conn.host}:${conn.port}`}
-        placeholder="密码"
+        placeholder={t('workspace.connect.passwordPlaceholder')}
         value={password}
         onChange={(v) => setPassword(v)}
         onOk={() => onConfirmed({ password })}
@@ -69,9 +70,9 @@ export function ConnectFlow({ conn, phase, onConfirmed, onCancel }: ConnectFlowP
     return (
       <SecretModal
         key={key}
-        title="输入私钥口令"
+        title={t('workspace.connect.passphraseTitle')}
         description={`${conn.username}@${conn.host}:${conn.port}`}
-        placeholder="私钥口令"
+        placeholder={t('workspace.connect.passphrasePlaceholder')}
         value={passphrase}
         onChange={(v) => setPassphrase(v)}
         onOk={() => onConfirmed({ passphrase })}
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ export function ConnectFlow({ conn, phase, onConfirmed, onCancel }: ConnectFlowP
       <Modal
         key={key}
         open
-        title="连接中…"
+        title={t('workspace.connect.connecting')}
         closable={false}
         maskClosable={false}
         keyboard={false}
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ export function ConnectFlow({ conn, phase, onConfirmed, onCancel }: ConnectFlowP
         <div className="connect-flow-connecting">
           <LoadingOutlined spin style={{ fontSize: 26 }} />
           <span className="connect-flow-connecting-text">
-            正在连接 {conn?.name != null ? conn.name : '…'}
+            {t('workspace.connect.connectingNamed', { name: conn?.name != null ? conn.name : '…' })}
           </span>
         </div>
       </Modal>
@@ -137,8 +138,8 @@ function SecretModal({
       key={key}
       open
       title={title}
-      okText="连接"
-      cancelText="取消"
+      okText={t('workspace.connect.action')}
+      cancelText={t('common.cancel')}
       onOk={handleOk}
       onCancel={onCancel}
       confirmLoading={submitting}
@@ -169,7 +170,7 @@ export function ConnectSpinnerButton({ busy }: { busy: boolean }): React.JSX.Ele
   return busy ? (
     <Button size="small" type="text" disabled className="workspace-connect-busy-button">
       <LoadingOutlined spin />
-      连接中…
+      {t('workspace.connect.connecting')}
     </Button>
   ) : null
 }

src/renderer/src/workspace/HostKeyModal.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { Alert, Button, Modal } from 'antd'
 import type { HostKeyPromptEvent } from '@shared/connections'
+import { t } from '@shared/i18n'
 
 /**
  * Host key verification dialog. Shown one at a time (Workspace keeps a FIFO
@@ -27,13 +28,13 @@ export function HostKeyModal({ event, onDecision }: HostKeyModalProps): React.JS
       open
       title={
         isChanged ? (
-          <div className="hostkey-changed-title">主机指纹已变更！</div>
+          <div className="hostkey-changed-title">{t('ssh.hostKey.changedTitle')}</div>
         ) : (
-          '未知主机'
+          t('ssh.hostKey.unknownHost')
         )
       }
-      okText="接受并连接"
-      cancelText="拒绝"
+      okText={t('ssh.hostKey.accept')}
+      cancelText={t('ssh.hostKey.reject')}
       okButtonProps={isChanged ? { danger: true } : { type: 'primary' }}
       cancelButtonProps={{ danger: !isChanged }}
       onOk={() => onDecision('accept')}
@@ -45,15 +46,17 @@ export function HostKeyModal({ event, onDecision }: HostKeyModalProps): React.JS
           <Alert
             type="warning"
             showIcon
-            message="可能遭受中间人攻击"
-            description="远程主机的密钥指纹与之前记录的不一致。如果这不是你本人更换了服务器密钥，可能有人正在冒充该主机。"
+            message={t('ssh.hostKey.mitmTitle')}
+            description={t('ssh.hostKey.mitmDesc')}
           />
         ) : (
-          <div className="hostkey-desc">首次连接该主机，尚未记录其指纹。</div>
+          <div className="hostkey-desc">{t('ssh.hostKey.firstConnect')}</div>
         )}
 
-        <div className="hostkey-target">主机：{target}</div>
-        <div className="hostkey-fingerprint">指纹：{event.fingerprint}</div>
+        <div className="hostkey-target">{t('ssh.hostKey.target', { target })}</div>
+        <div className="hostkey-fingerprint">
+          {t('ssh.hostKey.fingerprint', { fingerprint: event.fingerprint })}
+        </div>
       </div>
     </Modal>
   )

src/renderer/src/workspace/SshBottomPanel.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState, type ReactNode } from 'react'
 
+import { t } from '@shared/i18n'
 import { FilePanel } from '../sftp/FilePanel'
 
 export interface SshBottomPanelProps {
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ export function SshBottomPanel({ sessionId, terminal }: SshBottomPanelProps): Re
         className="ssh-bottom-divider"
         role="separator"
         aria-orientation="horizontal"
-        aria-label="调整文件面板高度"
+        aria-label={t('ssh.bottomPanel.resize')}
         onMouseDown={onDividerMouseDown}
       />
       <div className="ssh-bottom-files" style={{ height: filesHeight }}>

src/renderer/src/workspace/SshHostBadge.tsx

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { t } from '@shared/i18n'
+
 /**
  * Small capsule badge showing the SSH host label (e.g. `root@36.151.147.123`)
  * on an SSH terminal tab. Host labels are often long, so the display string is
@@ -9,7 +11,7 @@ export function SshHostBadge({ label }: { label: string }): React.JSX.Element {
     <span
       className="ssh-host-badge"
       title={label}
-      aria-label={`SSH 主机 ${label}`}
+      aria-label={t('ssh.hostBadge.aria', { label })}
     >
       {label}
     </span>

src/renderer/src/workspace/TerminalPanel.tsx

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import type { IDockviewPanelProps } from 'dockview-react'
 import { Button } from 'antd'
 import { AreaChartOutlined } from '@ant-design/icons'
 
+import { t } from '@shared/i18n'
 import { TerminalView } from '../terminal/TerminalView'
 import { MonitorPanel } from '../monitor/MonitorPanel'
 import { SshBottomPanel } from './SshBottomPanel'
@@ -78,8 +79,8 @@ export function TerminalPanel({ params, api, onSessionDead }: TerminalPanelProps
           size="small"
           className="workspace-terminal-monitor-toggle"
           icon={<AreaChartOutlined />}
-          aria-label={sideOpen ? '收起侧边栏' : '展开侧边栏'}
-          title={sideOpen ? '收起侧边栏' : '展开侧边栏'}
+          aria-label={sideOpen ? t('workspace.panel.hideSidebar') : t('workspace.panel.showSidebar')}
+          title={sideOpen ? t('workspace.panel.hideSidebar') : t('workspace.panel.showSidebar')}
           onClick={() => setSideOpen((prev) => !prev)}
         />
       )}

src/renderer/src/workspace/TerminalTab.tsx

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import type { IDockviewPanelHeaderProps } from 'dockview-react'
 
 import { useBroadcastStore } from './broadcastStore'
 import { SshHostBadge } from './SshHostBadge'
+import { t } from '@shared/i18n'
 import type { LayoutMeta } from '@shared/ipc'
 
 export type TerminalTabProps = IDockviewPanelHeaderProps<{
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ export function TerminalTab({ api, params }: TerminalTabProps): React.JSX.Elemen
     ? hostLabel && hostLabel !== title
       ? `${title} — ${hostLabel}`
       : (hostLabel || title)
-    : '本地终端'
+    : t('workspace.tab.localTerminal')
   // M6 broadcast: show a badge on tabs that are current broadcast targets.
   const isBroadcastTarget = useBroadcastStore((state) => state.targets.has(params?.sessionId ?? ''))
 
@@ -54,9 +55,9 @@ export function TerminalTab({ api, params }: TerminalTabProps): React.JSX.Elemen
 
   const menu: MenuProps = {
     items: [
-      { key: 'close', label: '关闭' },
-      { key: 'closeOthers', label: '关闭其他', disabled: panel.panels.length <= 1 },
-      { key: 'closeRight', label: '关闭右侧', disabled: selfIndex === -1 || selfIndex === panel.panels.length - 1 }
+      { key: 'close', label: t('common.close') },
+      { key: 'closeOthers', label: t('workspace.tab.closeOthers'), disabled: panel.panels.length <= 1 },
+      { key: 'closeRight', label: t('workspace.tab.closeRight'), disabled: selfIndex === -1 || selfIndex === panel.panels.length - 1 }
     ],
     onClick: ({ key }) => {
       if (key === 'close') {
@@ -85,16 +86,16 @@ export function TerminalTab({ api, params }: TerminalTabProps): React.JSX.Elemen
         {isBroadcastTarget && (
           <span
             className="workspace-terminal-tab-bcast"
-            title="广播目标"
-            aria-label="广播目标"
+            title={t('workspace.tab.broadcastTarget')}
+            aria-label={t('workspace.tab.broadcastTarget')}
           >
-            播
+            {t('workspace.tab.broadcastBadge')}
           </span>
         )}
         <button
           type="button"
           className="workspace-terminal-tab-close"
-          aria-label="关闭"
+          aria-label={t('common.close')}
           onPointerDown={(event) => event.preventDefault()}
           onClick={(event) => {
             event.preventDefault()
@@ -144,17 +145,17 @@ export function SaveTemplateModal({
 
   return (
     <Modal
-      title="保存布局模板"
+      title={t('workspace.template.saveTitle')}
       open={open}
       onCancel={onCancel}
       onOk={handleOk}
-      okText="保存"
-      cancelText="取消"
+      okText={t('common.save')}
+      cancelText={t('common.cancel')}
       confirmLoading={saving}
       okButtonProps={{ disabled: !name.trim() }}
     >
       <Input
-        placeholder="模板名称"
+        placeholder={t('workspace.template.namePlaceholder')}
         value={name}
         autoFocus
         onChange={(event) => setName(event.target.value)}
@@ -210,9 +211,9 @@ export function ApplyTemplateModal({
   }
 
   return (
-    <Modal title="应用布局模板" open={open} onCancel={onClose} footer={null} width={420}>
+    <Modal title={t('workspace.template.applyTitle')} open={open} onCancel={onClose} footer={null} width={420}>
       {items.length === 0 ? (
-        <div className="workspace-template-empty">暂无已保存的模板</div>
+        <div className="workspace-template-empty">{t('workspace.template.empty')}</div>
       ) : (
         <ul className="workspace-template-list">
           {items.map((meta) => (
@@ -229,16 +230,16 @@ export function ApplyTemplateModal({
                   loading={busyId === meta.id}
                   onClick={() => void handleApply(meta)}
                 >
-                  应用
+                  {t('workspace.template.apply')}
                 </Button>
                 <Popconfirm
-                  title="删除该模板？"
-                  okText="删除"
-                  cancelText="取消"
+                  title={t('workspace.template.deleteConfirm')}
+                  okText={t('common.delete')}
+                  cancelText={t('common.cancel')}
                   onConfirm={() => void handleDelete(meta)}
                 >
                   <Button size="small" danger disabled={busyId === meta.id}>
-                    删除
+                    {t('common.delete')}
                   </Button>
                 </Popconfirm>
               </Space>

src/renderer/src/workspace/Workspace.tsx

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import type {
 import 'dockview-react/dist/styles/dockview.css'
 
 import type { HostKeyPromptEvent, SshConnection, SshSecretOverride } from '@shared/connections'
+import { t } from '@shared/i18n'
 import { ConnectionSidebar } from '../connections/ConnectionSidebar'
 import type { ConnectionSidebarHandle } from '../connections/ConnectionSidebar'
 import { ConnectFlow } from './ConnectFlow'
@@ -68,13 +69,21 @@ const TERMINAL_TAB_COMPONENT = 'terminal-tab'
  */
 function nextTerminalTitle(existing: Iterable<string | undefined>): string {
   const used = new Set<number>()
+  // The pattern is translated, so the number is read back through that same
+  // pattern (the `{n}` placeholder marks the digits) instead of a fixed one.
+  const [head, tail] = t('workspace.tab.terminalTitle', { n: '\u0000' }).split('\u0000')
+  const matcher = new RegExp(`^${escapeRegExp(head)}(\\d+)${escapeRegExp(tail ?? '')}$`)
   for (const title of existing) {
-    const n = title?.match(/^终端 (\d+)$/)?.[1]
+    const n = title?.match(matcher)?.[1]
     if (n) used.add(Number(n))
   }
   let n = 1
   while (used.has(n)) n++
-  return `终端 ${n}`
+  return t('workspace.tab.terminalTitle', { n })
+}
+
+function escapeRegExp(text: string): string {
+  return text.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&')
 }
 
 function sessionIdOf(panel: IDockviewPanel | undefined): string | undefined {
@@ -184,7 +193,7 @@ function createTabActions(mode: WorkspaceMode): (props: IDockviewHeaderActionsPr
     const { message } = App.useApp()
     const handleAdd = (): void => {
       if (mode === 'ssh') {
-        message.info('SSH 会话请从服务器列表连接')
+        message.info(t('workspace.hint.sshFromList'))
         return
       }
       void (async (): Promise<void> => {
@@ -665,7 +674,7 @@ export default function Workspace({ onOpenSettings }: WorkspaceProps): React.JSX
         // B's sidebar refreshes lastConnectedAt on connect.
         void sidebarRef.current?.refresh()
       } catch (error) {
-        message.error(typeof error === 'string' ? error : 'SSH 连接失败')
+        message.error(typeof error === 'string' ? error : t('workspace.connect.failed'))
       } finally {
         setConnecting(false)
         setRequestedConn(null)
@@ -714,7 +723,7 @@ export default function Workspace({ onOpenSettings }: WorkspaceProps): React.JSX
   const handleRailNewTerminal = useCallback((): void => {
     const mode = useWorkspaceModeStore.getState().mode
     if (mode === 'ssh') {
-      message.info('SSH 会话请从服务器列表连接')
+      message.info(t('workspace.hint.sshFromList'))
       return
     }
     void addTerminal()
@@ -732,7 +741,7 @@ export default function Workspace({ onOpenSettings }: WorkspaceProps): React.JSX
       const current = sshApiRef.current
       const hasSession = current ? current.panels.some((p) => sessionIdOf(p)) : false
       if (!hasSession) {
-        message.info('请先连接 SSH 服务器')
+        message.info(t('workspace.hint.connectSshFirst'))
         return
       }
       const reference = activeSshPanelRef.current
@@ -947,12 +956,12 @@ export default function Workspace({ onOpenSettings }: WorkspaceProps): React.JSX
     (cmd: string): void => {
       const panel = activePanelRef.current
       if (!panel) {
-        message.info('没有激活的终端：请至少打开一个本地终端或 SSH 会话')
+        message.info(t('workspace.hint.noActiveTerminal'))
         return
       }
       const sid = sessionIdOf(panel)
       if (!sid) {
-        message.info('当前激活面板没有可用的会话')
+        message.info(t('workspace.hint.noSessionInPanel'))
         return
       }
       writeBroadcast(sid, `${cmd}\r`)
@@ -963,11 +972,11 @@ export default function Workspace({ onOpenSettings }: WorkspaceProps): React.JSX
 
   const layoutMenu: MenuProps = {
     items: [
-      { key: 'split-right', label: '水平分屏' },
-      { key: 'split-below', label: '垂直分屏' },
+      { key: 'split-right', label: t('workspace.layout.splitRight') },
+      { key: 'split-below', label: t('workspace.layout.splitBelow') },
       { type: 'divider' },
-      { key: 'save', label: '保存为模板' },
-      { key: 'apply', label: '应用模板' }
+      { key: 'save', label: t('workspace.layout.saveTemplate') },
+      { key: 'apply', label: t('workspace.layout.applyTemplate') }
     ],
     onClick: ({ key }) => {
       if (key === 'split-right') handleSplit('right')
@@ -1022,14 +1031,14 @@ export default function Workspace({ onOpenSettings }: WorkspaceProps): React.JSX
             {terminalCount === 0 && (
               <div className="workspace-empty-overlay">
                 <div className="workspace-empty-inner">
-                  <div className="workspace-empty-title">暂无终端</div>
+                  <div className="workspace-empty-title">{t('workspace.empty.terminalTitle')}</div>
                   <Button
                     type="primary"
                     size="small"
                     icon={<PlusOutlined />}
                     onClick={handleNewTerminal}
                   >
-                    新建终端
+                    {t('workspace.newTerminal')}
                   </Button>
                 </div>
               </div>
@@ -1056,8 +1065,8 @@ export default function Workspace({ onOpenSettings }: WorkspaceProps): React.JSX
             {sshCount === 0 && (
               <div className="workspace-empty-overlay">
                 <div className="workspace-empty-inner">
-                  <div className="workspace-empty-title">暂无 SSH 会话</div>
-                  <div className="workspace-empty-hint">请从左侧服务器列表连接</div>
+                  <div className="workspace-empty-title">{t('workspace.empty.sshTitle')}</div>
+                  <div className="workspace-empty-hint">{t('workspace.empty.sshHint')}</div>
                 </div>
               </div>
             )}
@@ -1102,8 +1111,8 @@ function AddTerminalGroupButton({ onClick }: { onClick: () => void }): React.JSX
     <button
       type="button"
       className="workspace-tabbar-add"
-      title="在此分屏中新建终端"
-      aria-label="在此分屏中新建终端"
+      title={t('workspace.tab.addInSplit')}
+      aria-label={t('workspace.tab.addInSplit')}
       onClick={onClick}
     >
       <PlusOutlined />
@@ -1144,8 +1153,8 @@ function BroadcastToggleButton(): React.JSX.Element {
       <button
         type="button"
         className={cls}
-        title={enabled ? `广播中 (${targets.size} 个目标)` : '广播输入'}
-        aria-label="广播输入"
+        title={enabled ? t('workspace.broadcast.activeTitle', { count: targets.size }) : t('workspace.broadcast.toggle')}
+        aria-label={t('workspace.broadcast.toggle')}
         aria-pressed={enabled}
       >
         <ShareAltOutlined />
@@ -1179,21 +1188,27 @@ function WorkspaceBroadcastPopover({
     `${s.title}${s.isSsh ? ' (SSH)' : ''}`
   return (
     <div className="workspace-bcast-pop">
-      <div className="workspace-bcast-pop-mode">广播输入（{mode === 'ssh' ? 'SSH' : '终端'}）</div>
+      <div className="workspace-bcast-pop-mode">
+        {mode === 'ssh' ? t('workspace.broadcast.popoverSsh') : t('workspace.broadcast.popoverTerminal')}
+      </div>
       <div className="workspace-bcast-pop-switch">
-        <span className="workspace-bcast-pop-label">广播开关</span>
+        <span className="workspace-bcast-pop-label">{t('workspace.broadcast.switch')}</span>
         <Checkbox
           checked={enabled}
           disabled={targets.size < 2}
           onChange={(e) => onSetEnabled(e.target.checked)}
         >
-          {enabled ? `已启用 (${targets.size})` : targets.size < 2 ? '需至少选择 2 个目标' : '未启用'}
+          {enabled
+            ? t('workspace.broadcast.enabled', { count: targets.size })
+            : targets.size < 2
+              ? t('workspace.broadcast.needTwo')
+              : t('workspace.broadcast.disabled')}
         </Checkbox>
       </div>
       <div className="workspace-bcast-pop-list">
         {groupSessions.length === 0 ? (
           <div className="workspace-bcast-pop-empty">
-            {mode === 'ssh' ? '暂无 SSH 服务器会话' : '暂无终端'}
+            {mode === 'ssh' ? t('workspace.broadcast.emptySsh') : t('workspace.broadcast.emptyTerminal')}
           </div>
         ) : (
           groupSessions.map((s) => (
@@ -1205,7 +1220,7 @@ function WorkspaceBroadcastPopover({
           ))
         )}
       </div>
-      <div className="workspace-bcast-pop-hint">选择 ≥2 个终端后广播自动开启；关闭任意一个使目标少于 2 个时自动关闭。仅当前模式组的会话可被勾选。</div>
+      <div className="workspace-bcast-pop-hint">{t('workspace.broadcast.hint')}</div>
     </div>
   )
 }
@@ -1234,22 +1249,22 @@ function IconRail({
   return (
     <div className="workspace-rail">
       <RailButton
-        title={sidebarOpen ? '收起侧栏' : '展开侧栏'}
+        title={sidebarOpen ? t('workspace.rail.hideSidebar') : t('workspace.rail.showSidebar')}
         icon={sidebarOpen ? <MenuFoldOutlined /> : <MenuUnfoldOutlined />}
         onClick={onToggleSidebar}
       />
       <div className="workspace-rail-divider" />
-      <RailButton title="新建终端" icon={<PlusOutlined />} onClick={onNewTerminal} />
+      <RailButton title={t('workspace.newTerminal')} icon={<PlusOutlined />} onClick={onNewTerminal} />
       <LayoutFlyout menu={layoutMenu} />
       <div className="workspace-rail-divider" />
       <ModeRailButtons />
       <div className="workspace-rail-spacer" />
       {connecting && (
-        <Tooltip title="正在连接…" placement="right">
+        <Tooltip title={t('workspace.rail.connecting')} placement="right">
           <span className="workspace-rail-busy" />
         </Tooltip>
       )}
-      <RailButton title="设置" icon={<SettingOutlined />} onClick={onOpenSettings} />
+      <RailButton title={t('workspace.rail.settings')} icon={<SettingOutlined />} onClick={onOpenSettings} />
     </div>
   )
 }
@@ -1261,13 +1276,13 @@ function ModeRailButtons(): React.JSX.Element {
   return (
     <>
       <RailButton
-        title="终端工作区"
+        title={t('workspace.rail.terminalWorkspace')}
         icon={<CodeOutlined />}
         active={mode === 'terminal'}
         onClick={() => setMode('terminal')}
       />
       <RailButton
-        title="SSH 工作区"
+        title={t('workspace.rail.sshWorkspace')}
         icon={<CloudServerOutlined />}
         active={mode === 'ssh'}
         onClick={() => setMode('ssh')}
@@ -1310,11 +1325,11 @@ function LayoutFlyout({ menu }: { menu: MenuProps }): React.JSX.Element {
 
   return (
     <div className="workspace-flyout-anchor" ref={rootRef}>
-      <Tooltip title={open ? '' : '布局'} placement="right">
+      <Tooltip title={open ? '' : t('workspace.rail.layout')} placement="right">
         <button
           type="button"
           className={'workspace-rail-btn' + (open ? ' is-active' : '')}
-          aria-label="布局"
+          aria-label={t('workspace.rail.layout')}
           aria-expanded={open}
           onClick={() => setOpen((v) => !v)}
         >

src/renderer/src/workspace/ZmodemOffers.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
 import { App as AntdApp, Button, Modal, Space, Typography } from 'antd'
 import type { ZmodemOfferEvent, ZmodemResponse } from '@shared/ipc'
+import { t } from '@shared/i18n'
 
 /**
  * M6 ZMODEM offer/done UX: renders one dialog per active zmodem offer.
@@ -82,8 +83,11 @@ export default function ZmodemOffers(): null | React.JSX.Element {
 
   const offDone = useCallback(
     (evt: { id: string; ok: boolean; message?: string }) => {
-      if (evt.ok) message.success('ZMODEM 传输完成')
-      else message.error(`ZMODEM 传输失败：${evt.message ?? '未知错误'}`)
+      if (evt.ok) message.success(t('ssh.zmodem.done'))
+      else
+        message.error(
+          t('ssh.zmodem.failed', { message: evt.message ?? t('ssh.zmodem.unknownError') })
+        )
     },
     [message]
   )
@@ -103,23 +107,21 @@ export default function ZmodemOffers(): null | React.JSX.Element {
       closable={false}
       maskClosable={false}
       keyboard={false}
-      title={isReceive ? '下载到本地' : '上传到服务器'}
+      title={isReceive ? t('ssh.zmodem.titleReceive') : t('ssh.zmodem.titleSend')}
       footer={
         <Space>
           <Button
             type="primary"
             onClick={() => (isReceive ? void handlePickDir(first.id) : void handlePickFiles(first.id))}
           >
-            {isReceive ? '选择保存目录' : '选择文件'}
+            {isReceive ? t('ssh.zmodem.pickDir') : t('ssh.zmodem.pickFiles')}
           </Button>
-          <Button onClick={() => handleCancel(first.id)}>取消</Button>
+          <Button onClick={() => handleCancel(first.id)}>{t('common.cancel')}</Button>
         </Space>
       }
     >
       <Typography.Text>
-        {isReceive
-          ? '检测到 sz 下载请求（远端正在发送文件），请选择保存在本地的目录。'
-          : '检测到 rz 上传请求（远端正在接收文件），请选择要上传的文件。'}
+        {isReceive ? t('ssh.zmodem.receiveDesc') : t('ssh.zmodem.sendDesc')}
       </Typography.Text>
     </Modal>
   )